Scaling Ethereum 2.0s Cross-Shard Transactions With Efficient Verification and Aggregation of KZG Commitments

【Author】 Kudzin, Alexander; Toyoda, Kentaroh; Kawazoe, Mitsuru; Takayama, Satoshi; Ishigame, Atsushi

【Source】IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL

【影响因子】10.238

【Abstract】Proposals for ultralarge-scale-system (ULSS), particularly the grid's energy management systems (EMSs), to adopt the Ethereum blockchain are increasing as its support for privacy-preserving, encrypted, decentralized computing via sharding, rollups, smart contracts (SCs), and zero-knowledge-proofs (ZKs) address the increasing topological, behavioral, and data-processing challenges. In this context, the aggregation and verification of aggregated, ZK Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg (KZG) constant-sized polynomials commitments are a bottleneck limiting deployment to Internet of Things (IoT) nodes used by the EMS due to high O(b G+b log(2 )b F) computation incurred when aggregating or verifying by recreation. The alternative, expensive pairing checks involve two pairings, three exponentiations (Exp), three multiplications (Mul), and one addition (Add), a security factor S times for the n aggregated KZG. The proposed pairing checks significantly reduce costs for both: 1) Verifiers: two pairings, no Exp, one Mul, and one Add and 2) Provers: one pairing check, no Exp, four Mul, and one Add. The aggregation method, based on multidimensional differential addition chains, costs only O(l) computation, where l is the bit length of the scalars. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of operating a KZG-centric blockchain with KZG rollups on IoT networks, marking a significant advancement in ULSS.

【Keywords】Blockchains; Smart contracts; Open source software; Cryptocurrency; Polynomials; Internet of Things; Sharding; Cross-shard transactions; Ethereum 2.0; Kate-Zaverucha-Goldberg (KZG) commitments; multidimensional differential addition chains; pairing friendly elliptic curves; scalability

【发表时间】2024 OCT 1

【收录时间】2024-10-15

【文献类型】实验仿真

【主题类别】

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