【Author】 Karau, Soeren

【Source】FINANCE RESEARCH LETTERS

【影响因子】9.848

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-CBDC

【Abstract】It has been established that in a standard two-country asset pricing model the usage of a privately-issued crypto-asset as a global means of payment leads to the enforced synchronization of nominal interest rates, and hence to a loss of monetary policy autonomy. This paper uses the same framework to show that an identical result obtains in a world in which central banks issue digital currencies (CBDC) to be used abroad. I then integrate the asset pricing conditions into a fully-specified dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model to qualitatively study how shocks are transmitted across borders. In the baseline case, shock transmission is symmetric, whereas it is asymmetric if only one country issues international CBDC or crypto-assets are tied to one currency (stablecoin). I discuss policy implications for the ongoing debate on international aspects of CBDC.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】CBDC; Cryptocurrency; Currency competition; Impossible trinity; Independent monetary policy

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 观点阐述

【DOI】 10.1016/j.frl.2023.103723

【Author】 Gao, Zhen Zhang, Dongbin Zhang, Jiuzhi Liu, Lei Niyato, Dusit Leung, Victor C. M.

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CCF-B

【影响因子】9.551

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-物联网

【Abstract】Blockchain technology is developing rapidly and has been widely applied in the field of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to solve trust and security problems. However, due to the high security requirements in IoV scenarios, the security threats of blockchain itself become a big challenge for its applications in IoV. As the largest distributed platform supporting smart contract, Ethereum becomes one of the popular blockchain platforms that has been applied in IoV applications. In Ethereum, the local world state (stored on Road Side Units (RSUs) in IoV) is applied to facilitate account query and transaction verification. However, previous works showed that the local database can be easily tampered, so attackers may issue invalid transactions based on the modified world state, which is not acceptable for IoV applications. In this paper, the success probability and expected time for such an attack are first analyzed theoretically, including the effect of portion of tampered RSUs and the number of required confirmation blocks. Then experiment evaluation verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis and shows that the attack would succeed with a higher probability within a shorter time when the local database on more RSUs are attacked. On the contrary, increasing of confirmation blocks can effectively reduce the success probability of a single attack and extend the confirmation time of the invalid transaction. Finally, efficient attack detection and recovery methods are proposed based on a novel hierarchical architecture with hybrid RSUs, and the effectiveness and complexity are verified by theoretical analysis and experiments.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; Security; Databases; Bitcoin; Smart contracts; Authentication; Road side unit; Ethereum; world state; attack; security; Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/TITS.2023.3268222

【Author】 Wang, Yibo Li, Kai Tang, Yuzhe Chen, Jiaqi Zhang, Qi Luo, Xiapu Chen, Ting

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CCF-A

【影响因子】9.322

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-智能合约

【Abstract】This paper presents IBATCH, a middleware system running on top of an operational Etherium network to enable secure batching of smart-contract invocations against an untrusted relay server off-chain. IBATCH does so at a low overhead by validating the server's batched invocations in smart contracts without additional states of user nonces. The IBATCH mechanism supports a variety of policies, ranging from conservative to aggressive batching, and can be configured adaptively to the current workloads. IBATCH automatically rewrites smart contracts to integrate with legacy applications and support large-scale deployment. We built an evaluation platform for fast and cost-accurate transaction replaying and constructed real transaction benchmarks on popular Etherium applications. With a functional prototype of IBATCH, we conduct extensive cost evaluations, which shows IBATCH saves 14.6% similar to 59.1% Gas cost per invocation with a moderate 2-minute delay and 19.06% similar to 31.52% Ether cost per invocation with a delay of 0.26 similar to 1.66 blocks.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; cost effectiveness; DeFi; replay attacks; smart contracts

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/TSE.2023.3237123

【Author】 Chowdhury, Mohammad Ashraful Ferdous Abdullah, Mohammad Alam, Masud Abedin, Mohammad Zoynul Shi, Baofeng

【Source】INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

【影响因子】8.235

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-市场分析

【Abstract】This paper examines the efficiency and asymmetric multifractal features of NFTs, DeFi, cryptocurrencies, and traditional assets using Asymmetric Multifractal Cross-Correlations Analysis covering the period from November 2017 to February 2022. Considering the full sample with a significant variation among asset classes, the study reveals DeFi-DigiByte is the most efficient while the cryptocurrency-Tether is the least efficient. However, S&P 500 showed high efficiency before COVID-19, and DeFi-Enjin Coin advanced as the most efficient asset during COVID-19. The volatility dynamics of NFTs, DeFi, and cryptocurrencies follow strong nonlinear crosscorrelations, but evidence of weaker nonlinearity exists in traditional assets. Additionally, the sensitivity to smaller events in bull markets is high for NFTs and DeFi. The findings have significant implications for portfolio diversification when an investor's portfolio set includes traditional assets and cryptocurrency and relatively new blockchain-based assets like NFTs and DeFi.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】NFTs; DeFi; Non -fungible tokens; Asymmetric multifractal analysis; MF-DFA; A-MFDFA; Cryptocurrencies

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.1016/j.irfa.2023.102642

【Author】 Prasad, Eswar

【Source】OXFORD REVIEW OF ECONOMIC POLICY

【影响因子】6.326

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-CBDC

【Abstract】New and evolving financial technologies, including the advent of cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), will make cross-border payments cheaper and quicker. However, reduced frictions in global capital flows could also result in more capital flow and exchange rate volatility, which is of particular concern for emerging market economies. There will be greater competition among fiat currencies and certain private currencies such as stablecoins in their roles as mediums of exchange for payment and settlement of domestic as well as cross-border transactions. However, neither the advent of CBDCs nor the lowering of barriers to international financial flows will do much on their own to reorder the international monetary system or the balance of power among major currencies. Currencies such as the US dollar that are dominant stores of value will remain so because that dominance rests not just on the issuing country's economic size and financial market depth, but also on a strong institutional foundation that is essential for maintaining investors' trust in a currency.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】central bank digital currency; cryptocurrencies; Bitcoin; stablecoins; cross-border payments; international monetary system; medium of exchange; store of value

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 观点阐述

【DOI】 10.1093/oxrep/grad011

【Author】 Bibi, Samuele Canelli, Rosa

【Source】RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE

【影响因子】6.143

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-CBDC

【Abstract】Central bank digital currency (CBDC) has increasingly received attention among policymakers and academics. From a theoretical perspective, the introduction of a CBDC arouses long-standing questions, foreseeing the possibility for the private (non-financial) sector to access the central bank reserves. The aim of this paper is to strengthen the understanding of the CBDC through the Endogenous Money Theory (EMT). The paper examines the balance sheets of the central bank, commercial banks, and the non-financial private system, tracking all the assets and liabilities of the macro-agents involved in the introduction of a CBDC. It explains the logical chain of relationships starting with the creation of bank loans from commercial banks, transformed into deposits, and ultimately converted into CBDC. Such a chain of relationships is also explained by amending the four quadrants model proposed by many post-Keynesian scholars.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】CBDC; Endogenous money; Cryptocurrencies; Central Bank; Commercial Banks

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.101970

【Author】 Bibi, Samuele

【Source】RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND FINANCE

【影响因子】6.143

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-CBDC

【Abstract】This paper investigates the evolution of cryptocurrencies. By nature and essence, Bitcoin chal-lenged and implicitly threatened central bank money and its role in the monetary system. Meanwhile, central banks have been studying cryptocurrencies and launched pilot projects on their own digital currency, the Central Bank Digital Currency. Until recently, most economists considered Bitcoin merely as a speculative asset; however, the El Salvador decision in 2021 to establish it as a legal tender (through the Bitcoin Law) questions the status quo perception of Bitcoin. Given El Salvador's legal obligation by law of their acceptance, allowing tax payments to the government and debts to be settled using Bitcoin, the Bitcoin Law challenges the boundaries of money. In light of the El Salvador experience, we consider different perspectives on the nature of money, allowing us to reject or include Bitcoin inside the money spectrum.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Cryptocurrencies; CBDC; Nature of money; Theories of money; El salvador

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 观点阐述

【DOI】 10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.101964

【Author】 Gramlich, Vincent Guggenberger, Tobias Principato, Marc Schellinger, Benjamin Urbach, Nils

【Source】ELECTRONIC MARKETS

【影响因子】6.017

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-DeFi

【Abstract】While decentralized finance (DeFi) has the potential to emulate and, indeed, outperform existing financial systems, it remains a complex phenomenon yet to be extensively researched. To make the most of this potential, its practitioners must gain a rigorous understanding of its intricacies, as must information systems (IS) researchers. Against this background, this study uses a multivocal literature review to capture the state of research in DeFi. Thereby, we (1) present a consolidating definition of DeFi as we (2) analyze, synthesize, and discuss the current state of knowledge in the field of DeFi. We do so while adapting the blockchain research framework proposed by (Risius and Spohrer, Business & Information Systems Engineering 59:385-409, 2017). Furthermore, we (3) identify gaps in the literature and indicate future research directions in DeFi. Even though our findings highlight several shortcomings in DeFi that have prevented its widespread adoption, our literature review shows a large consensus on DeFi's many promising features and potential to complement the traditional financial system. To that end, this paper is presented to encourage further research to mitigate the current risks of DeFi, the payoff of which will be an enriched financial ecosystem.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Crypto Finance; DeFi; Literature review; Research agenda; Smart contracts

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.1007/s12525-023-00637-4

【Author】 Tronnier, Frederic Harborth, David Biker, Patrick

【Source】ELECTRONIC MARKETS

【影响因子】6.017

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-CBDC

【Abstract】This work analyzes the attitude formation process of individuals for central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), specifically for the digital euro. CBDCs are heavily researched, with pilot projects being conducted worldwide. Following the emergence of cryptocurrencies and a decrease in cash usage for retail transactions, CBDCs are viewed as the possible payment solution of the future. Using a qualitative approach, we conduct expert and non-expert interviews to apply and extend existing research on attitude formation to study how individuals form attitudes towards a CBDC in Germany. We find that individuals form their attitudes towards a digital euro through the perceived benefits, limitations, and concerns regarding related payment solutions, moderated through the perceived equivalence of these related technologies and the CBDC. The results contribute to the literature on CBDC and can be used by practitioners to develop a digital euro that offers a competitive advantage for retail transactions over established payment solutions.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Central bank digital currency; Attitudes; CBDC; Digital euro; Attitude formation theory; Technology adoption

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1007/s12525-023-00638-3

【Author】 Zhang, Hengyan Zhang, Weizhe Feng, Yuming Liu, Yang

【Source】JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS

【影响因子】4.960

【主题类别】

区块链治理-技术治理-智能合约漏洞检测

【Abstract】Blockchain is a significant advancement in technology recently, transforming the traditional centralized system into a decentralized one. Smart contracts, as one of the best applications of blockchain, show great potential in various fields, such as finance, supply chain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). As the world's first blockchain platform to support turing complete smart contracts, Ethereum has become the most critical infrastructure for the digital world. However, with the vigorous development of smart contracts, malicious attacks against smart contracts have frequently occurred in recent years. The issue of smart contract security has attracted widespread attention due to the huge financial losses caused by smart contract vulnerabilities. Although researchers have made some progress in detecting smart contract vulnerabilities through symbolic execution and fuzzing-based methods, existing methods mainly rely on expert knowledge and hand-crafted features, leading to many detection errors. Even worse, existing methods take tens of seconds or even minutes to detect each smart contract on average, which is extremely time-consuming. In this work, we present SVScanner, the new method combining two features of heterogeneous patterns to detect smart contract vulnerabilities in the blockchain. Specifically, we first extract global semantic features from the sequence of contract code tokens. Then we further use the attention mechanism to capture deep structural semantics from the Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) of smart contracts. Finally, we combine these two features from different patterns and use a text convolutional neural network (TextCNN) to detect contract bugs. Experimental results show that SVScanner has the ability to detect vulnerabilities effectively in real-world smart contract datasets. SVScanner achieves a 7.33% improvement in accuracy compared with other traditional methods. Moreover, our method requires significantly less detection time.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Smart contract; Vulnerability detection; Deep learning; Deep semantic extraction

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103484

【Author】 Wang, Nai Chen, Junjun Wu, Di Yang, Wencheng Xiang, Yong Sajjanhar, Atul

【Source】JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS

【影响因子】4.960

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-物联网

【Abstract】The Internet of Things (IoT) concept has increasingly gained popularity among different industrial , scientific fields by leveraging the development of modern electronic chip manufacturing and networking hardware and techniques. As the combination of end devices and networking techniques, it becomes more and more possible that people can organize an IoT system to serve more extensive industrial and scientific needs by running a higher level of machine learning models, such as Federated Learning (FL) and Knowledge Distillation (KD) architectures. However, security over network communications is vital when the whole system spreads to massive scales in networking, including data integrity and robustness over external malicious attacks, which would significantly affect the system's overall modal training effectiveness. In this paper, we propose an ungraded version of the Non-Fungible Token (NFT) assisted Knowledge Distillation framework, aiming at leveraging the blockchain features on data security to solve the intrinsic robustness defects in a naive KD architecture and reducing overall processing time by adding a local blockchain layer. Our major contributions can be concluded as the following specialIntscript a revised version Hybrid KD-NFT framework from our previously proposed State-of-the-art (SOTA) framework, which improves the overall effectiveness and reduces the overall latency when compared to its original version; specialIntscript the proposal and implementation of a hybrid (combination of private and public chain) multi-layer blockchain architecture; and specialIntscript conducting more sets of experiments and performing more comprehensive comparisons over existing other KD frameworks in more metrics to prove our proposed Hybrid KD-NFT framework is a valid work.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; NFT; Knowledge Distillation; Internet of Things

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103483

【Author】 Jalan, Akanksha Matkovskyy, Roman Urquhart, Andrew Yarovaya, Larisa

【Source】JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS INSTITUTIONS & MONEY

【影响因子】4.217

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-数字货币

【Abstract】Despite the impressive adoption of cryptocurrencies since Bitcoin was introduced in 2008, little academic attention has been paid to the role of interpersonal trust in fostering this adoption. In this paper, we quantify the effect of interpersonal trust on the interest in and adoption of the three largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization - Bitcoin, Ethereum and Litecoin using data from the 7th wave of the World Values Survey, Twitter, and Google Trends. Our results indicate a positive and statistically significant effect of trust on interest in and adoption of cryptocurrencies, confirming the importance of trust in the growth of financial markets.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Cryptocurrency; Ethical investment; Societal trust; Cryptocurrency adoption

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.1016/j.intfin.2022.101715

【Author】 Wu, Chih-Hung Liu, Chien-Yu Weng, Ting-Sheng

【Source】SUSTAINABILITY

【影响因子】3.889

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-NFT

【Abstract】Non-fungible token (NFT) products are important for industrial applications. In recent years, they have rapidly gained importance in the field of blockchain combined with metaverse. The concept of NFTs has developed gradually, as many industries have begun using NFTs creatively to raise new business innovation opportunities in entrepreneurship. However, few studies have been conducted analyzing critical features of NFTs for success, trends, and challenges in NFT products. In this study, group discussions, case analysis methods, and the OpenSea database were used to analyze fashion trends among NFT products. A mixed method was used in this study. Quantitative and qualitative data derived from the questionnaire and group discussions were analyzed using the case study method, and the actual historical trading data of NFT products obtained from the OpenSea platform were analyzed. This study analyzed NFT products, fashion characteristics, and trends in NFT artwork. The opportunities and challenges of NFT applications and sustainable NFTs are discussed in this study. Our research results show that the most attractive NFT product types are collectible digital works and creative artworks. The critical design characteristics are lovely (cute), beautiful, and interesting. We recommend that NFT makers use the above-mentioned characteristics to create NFT artworks with special design characteristics to increase NFT values. The advantage of NFTs is that makers can freely create their works through the NFT platform, which can decrease the limitations of traditional methods such as the need for venues, exhibition setup costs, and intermediaries' commissions. The major challenges of current NFT applications include usability challenges, security and privacy issues, and governance considerations. We believe that our research results can provide useful directions and strategies for future researchers, makers, and ventures seeking to develop NFT applications. Our research results, such as identifying the critical design factors and current trends in NFTs, can provide guidelines for art design and innovation education. In addition, this study discusses the applications of NFTs in sustainable education, which can provide benefits for sustainable educational development to meet the goal of quality education in SDG4.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】non-fungible token; NFT marketplace; NFT fashion trend analysis; entrepreneurship innovation; maker; sustainability; sustainable education

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.3390/su15097573

【Author】 Tu, Yuting Yan, Xin Wang, Huan

【Source】SUSTAINABILITY

【影响因子】3.889

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-CBDC

【Abstract】The issuance of digital currency electronic payments (DC/EP), under the supervision of the People's Bank of China, will have a certain impact on commercial banks, and will further affect the areas of internet finance and traditional financing. This paper studies the regulatory performance of DC/EP in the post-lending market under the models of internet finance and bank financing, exploring their theoretical and practical significance. Through the construction of an enterprise profit function and the regulatory utility function under the models of internet finance and bank financing, this study explores the impact of using DC/EP on the post-lending market. The study proves the following:In the absence of government regulation, internet finance platforms will increase the leverage ratio of loans, in order to obtain excess profits. The emergence of regulatory authorities and the use of DC/EP will control the leverage ratio of internet finance platforms, purify market performance, and stabilize the market order. The application of DC/EP provides a risk control method for the financial market, and coupled with government regulatory measures, it will effectively regulate the existing market order of internet finance platforms and increase the credibility of DC/EP. Therefore, the management insights obtained from this study of the application of DC/EP and the government regulation of existing financing and lending methods in the financial sector have practical significance for the current market.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】DC/EP; internet finance; leverage; regulatory effects

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 观点阐述

【DOI】 10.3390/su15097025

【Author】 Wang, Zixiong Chen, Qiuying Lee, Sang-Joon

【Source】CMC-COMPUTERS MATERIALS & CONTINUA

【影响因子】3.860

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-价格预测

【Abstract】The rapid expansion of the non-fungible token (NFT) market has attracted many investors. However, studies on the NFT price fluctuations have been relatively limited. To date, the machine learning approach has not been used to demonstrate a specific error in NFT sale price fluctuation prediction. The aim of this study was to develop a prediction model for NFT price fluctuations using the NFT trading information obtained from OpenSea, the world's largest NFT marketplace. We used Python programs to collect data and summarized them as: NFT information, collection information, and related account information. AdaBoost and Random Forest (RF) algorithms were employed to predict the sale price and price fluctuation of NFTs using regression and classification models, respectively. We found that the NFT related account information, especially the number of favorites and activity status of creators, confer a good predictive power to both the models. AdaBoost in the regression model had more accurate predictions, the root mean square error (RMSE) in predicting NFT sale price was 0.047. In predicting NFT sale price fluctuations, RF performed better, which the area under the curve (AUC) reached 0.956. We suggest that investors should pay more attention to the information of NFT creators. We anticipate that these prediction models will reduce the number of investment failures for the investors.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】NFT; sale price fluctuation; OpenSea; AdaBoost; Random forest

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.32604/cmc.2023.037553

【Author】 Mohammadi, Shahriar Fatoorchi, Amir Ali Babagoli, Mehdi

【Source】TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

【影响因子】3.745

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-医疗领域

【Abstract】The development of electronic health (e-health) systems in the last decades led to the emergence of effective infrastructures for managing health records. Due to the vitality and massive amount of healthcare records, blockchain is considered one of the most important infrastructures to store and exchange health records. Access to patient's medical histories and health record management are essential to healthcare systems. Patients' records must be exchanged among various parts of the healthcare system and users should have access to manage their profiles and use online facilities in a secure manner. In this paper, for the first time, the non-fungible token (NFT), which is a nascent technology, is used to certify the information immutability of healthcare records in the blockchain infrastructure. The ownership of property and prevention of information disclosure is guaranteed using the encryption strategy is used in the proposed NFT technology. Furthermore, the proposed model satisfies all security criteria such as data integrity, non-repudiation, anonymity, confidentially and privacy. As a result, the proposed model outperforms the related research in the healthcare domain. The proposed model brings many facilities for both patients and physicians such as secure accessibility, data quality, patient consent, efficient record management and better availability and reliability.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; non-fungible token (NFT); online prescription; electronic healthcare records

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1080/09537325.2023.2209209

【Author】 Mao, Hanyu Nie, Tiezheng Sun, Hao Shen, Derong Yu, Ge

【Source】IEEE ACCESS

【影响因子】3.476

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-跨链与多链

【Abstract】With the continuous development of blockchain technology, many blockchain applications, such as digital currencies in the form of tokens, are deployed. However, due to the lack of data and value inter-blockchain transmission methods, these chain applications form many data islands. Therefore, cross-chain technology is proposed and applied in distributed transaction platforms, digital finance, e-government and many other different fields. Although cross-chain technology just started, the cross-chain technology and its applications are gradually improving to meet the development needs of blockchain system. At the same time, they have already realized asset transfers across heterogeneous blockchains and platforms, and some projects have realized cross-chain information exchange. At present, cross-chain technology includes the following typical methods: Hash-locking, Notary scheme, Distributed private key control, Sidechains/Relays and Tight coupling. This paper analyzes the above methods from the aspect of techniques, security requirements, and technical limitation, and compares their applicability. With public blockchains and consortium blockchains, this paper analyzes their problems and challenges in cross-chain technology and introduces the main approaches of existing solutions. By analyzing the existing cross-chain technologies and problems, this paper further introduces eight popular cross-chain projects and their application prospects. Finally, this paper summarizes and proposes the future research topics and development trends of cross-chain technology.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; Security; Process control; Costs; Sharding; Couplings; Computer architecture; Blockchain; cross-chain transaction; information transfer; interoperability

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3228535

【Author】 Haddad, Alaa Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi Suliman, Fakher Eldin M. Elsheikh, Elfatih A. A. Islam, Md Rafiqul Zabidi, Suriza Ahmad

【Source】APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL

【影响因子】2.838

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-医疗领域

【Abstract】Accessing healthcare services by several stakeholders for diagnosis and treatment has become quite prevalent owing to the improvement in the industry and high levels of patient mobility. Due to the confidentiality and high sensitivity of electronic healthcare records (EHR), the majority of EHR data sharing is still conducted via fax or mail because of the lack of systematic infrastructure support for secure and reliable health data transfer, delaying the process of patient care. As a result, it is critically essential to provide a framework that allows for the efficient exchange and storage of large amounts of medical data in a secure setting. The objective of this research is to develop a Patient-Centered Blockchain-Based EHR Management (PCEHRM) system that allows patients to manage their healthcare records across multiple stakeholders and to facilitate patient privacy and control without the need for a centralized infrastructure by means of granting or revoking access or viewing one's records. We used an Ethereum blockchain and IPFS (inter-planetary file system) to store records because of its advantage of being distributed and ensuring the immutability of records and allowing for the decentralized storage of medical metadata, such as medical reports. To achieve secure a distributed, and trustworthy access control policy, we proposed an Ethereum smart contract termed the patient-centric access control protocol. We demonstrate how the PCEHRM system design enables stakeholders such as patients, labs, researchers, etc., to obtain patient-centric data in a distributed and secure manner and integrate utilizing a web-based interface for the patient and all users to initiate the EHR sharing transactions. Finally, we tested the proposed framework in the Windows environment by compiling a smart contract prototype using Truffle and deploy on Ethereum using Web3. The proposed system was evaluated in terms of the projected medical data storage costs for the IPFS on blockchain, and the execution time for a different number of peers and document sizes. The findings of the study indicate that the proposed strategy is both efficient and practicable.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】patient-centered; IPFS; blockchain; privacy; health record

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.3390/app13031761

【Author】 Aldyaflah, Izdehar M. Zhao, Wenbing Upadhyay, Himanshu Lagos, Leonel

【Source】APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL

【影响因子】2.838

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-存储策略

【Abstract】In this paper, we present a secure datastore based on an Ethereum smart contract. Our research is guided by three research questions. First, we will explore to what extend a smart-contract-based datastore should resemble a traditional database system. Second, we will investigate how to store the data in a smart-contract-based datastore for maximum flexibility while minimizing the gas consumption. Third, we seek answers regarding whether or not a smart-contract-based datastore should incorporate complex processing such as data encryption and data analytic algorithms. The proposed smart-contract-based datastore aims to strike a good balance between several constraints: (1) smart contracts are publicly visible, which may create a confidentiality concern for the data stored in the datastore; (2) unlike traditional database systems, the Ethereum smart contract programming language (i.e., Solidity) offers very limited data structures for data management; (3) all operations that mutate the blockchain state would incur financial costs and the developers for smart contracts must make sure sufficient gas is provisioned for every smart contract call, and ideally, the gas consumption should be minimized. Our investigation shows that although it is essential for a smart-contract-based datastore to offer some basic data query functionality, it is impractical to offer query flexibility that resembles that of a traditional database system. Furthermore, we propose that data should be structured as tag-value pairs, where the tag serves as a non-unique key that describes the nature of the value. We also conclude that complex processing should not be allowed in the smart contract due to the financial burden and security concerns. The tag-based secure datastore designed this way also defines its applicative perimeter, i.e., only applications that align with our strategy would find the proposed datastore a good fit. Those that would rather incur higher financial cost for more data query flexibility and/or less user burden on data pre- and post-processing would find the proposed database too restrictive.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; smart contract; data immutability; datastore; user access control; role-based authentication; gas consumption; IPFS

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 观点阐述

【DOI】 10.3390/app13095282

【Author】 Tanwar, Sarvesh Gupta, Neelam Kumar, Prashant Hu, Yu-Chen

【Source】MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS CCF-C

【影响因子】2.577

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-投票领域

【Abstract】An electronic voting portal should provide security, integrity, vote transparency, and voter privacy. Electronic voting, or e-voting, has been used in many ways since the 1970s, with essential advantages over paper-based systems, such as higher efficiency and fewer errors. However, attaining widespread acceptance of such systems remains a problem, particularly in enhancing their resistance to potential mistakes. Blockchain is a cutting-edge technology that has the potential to improve the overall security of electronic voting systems. This paper uses smart contracts to develop an e-voting Decentralized Application (DApp) on the Ethereum blockchain and develops a frontend to access the DApp easily on the blockchain. This paper began with an overview of blockchain and explored the blockchain application challenges. One of the things that can be improved is the election voting system that leaves so many gaps for incompetence and tampering with the votes collected, as witnessed by so many real-life cases in our country. Finally, the added visibility of the voting procedure and more effective security can help in providing a fair result. This article also discussed using blockchain, essentially the smart contract function of the Ethereum blockchain, to make a decentralized app for the voting procedure of an election. It provides full transparency over the votes, with real-time tracking by using an election DApp. The blockchain makes it possible to have a fully transparent election while keeping all the voters anonymous.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】De-centralized Application; Ethereum; Smart Contract; Electronic voting system

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1007/s11042-023-15401-1

【Author】 Lan, Bo Zhuang, Lei Zhou, Qin

【Source】MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

【影响因子】2.194

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-区块链金融监管

【Abstract】The innovation and regulatory coordination of digital currency is an important proposition in the new era of Fintech. There is increasing competition between traditional currencies and new digital currencies, so a spontaneous game model of currencies is analyzed. By introducing the role of financial coordination, this paper revises the evolutionary game model of digital currency innovation, and analyzes their competition strategies through case and simulation. The results show that: first, the dominant result of digital currency spontaneous game is that both parties tend to digital cooperation strategy. Second, with the introduction of financial regulation, the dominant result of digital currency tripartite evolutionary game is that financial institutions tend to participate in coordination and both currency parties tend to cooperate. Third, the choice strategy of currency is more sensitive to the changes of willingness to participate in cooperation, cooperation costs and cooperation benefits of financial coordination. The selection strategy of financial coordination institutions for digital currency is more influenced by changes in cooperation costs and incentive return in the process of participating in cooperation.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】digital currency; Fintech; currencies competition; financial regulatory coordination; evolutionary game

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.3934/mbe.2023396

【Author】 Ben Omrane, Walid Houidi, Fatma Savaser, Tanseli

【Source】APPLIED ECONOMICS

【影响因子】1.916

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-数字货币

【Abstract】We examine the effects of US, German, and Japanese macroeconomic news surprises and monetary policy decisions on the intraday cyclical volatility of Bitcoin and Ethereum markets. We first document intraday seasonality specific to each day of the week and show that these patterns exhibit a slightly different volatility compared to all-day seasonality. Second, the US monetary policy news and macroeconomic surprises generate the largest effect on the seasonal volatility. Third, Ethereum seasonality is more sensitive to macroeconomic fundamentals compared to Bitcoin. These results suggest that to improve cryptocurrency pricing, portfolio management, and risk management practices associated with cryptocurrency transactions, investors should consider the interactions between day of the week effects, intraday seasonality patterns and the macroeconomics news releases.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Cryptocurrency markets; macroeconomic news; seasonality; volatility; high frequency data

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1080/00036846.2023.2212970

【Author】 Kumar, Anoop S. Rao, Balaga Mohana

【Source】AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC PAPERS

【影响因子】1.452

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-市场分析

【Abstract】We test the hedge property of non-fungible token (NFT) coins against equity market fluctuations and compare it with the hedge property of Bitcoin. We employ daily the returns of Bitcoin; three NFT coins, namely Theta, Enjin Coin and Decentraland, and three equity market indices: S&P 500, NASDAQ and CAC 40, ranging from 18 January 2018 to 12 January 2021. We estimate the hedge effectiveness of the three NFT coins and Bitcoin against stock market fluctuations. Our results suggest that NFT coins are a better hedge against equity market fluctuations than Bitcoin.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】bitcoin; COVID-19; hedge; NFT coins

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.1111/1467-8454.12312

【Author】 Soto, Wilson

【Source】2022 11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT, CIMPS

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-众包领域

【Abstract】This paper shows a smart contract application on blockchain technology in the software industry. Inside the software industry, one of the essential processes is the negotiation of agreements. The software development agreement is a contract between a customer and a developer, on which the developer creates and delivers customized or a specified piece of software to the client. In addition, a software development agreement is a legally binding contract that captures roles and responsibilities, timelines and pricing, acceptance criteria, events in case of failures or delays, and procedures for adjustments. The main contribution of this paper is the implementation of a software development agreement as a smart contract on blockchain technology, among other things, for the management of requirements. The preliminary results and tests show the functionality of the smart contract and a new opportunity for software processes improvement from the requirements engineering.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Ethereum; Smart Contracts; Software Processes

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/CIMPS57786.2022.10035690

【Author】 Hu, Qiwei Jiang, Tao

【Source】2022 IEEE 96TH VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE (VTC2022-FALL)

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-智能合约

【Abstract】An Elastic Optical Network (EON) nowadays usually accommodates multiple Virtual Optical Networks (VON) by allocating orthogonal spectrum resources for them. A fixed resource allocation pattern may result in a low quality of service since data traffic on VONs may fluctuate with time. Spectrum trading (ST) among VONs could solve this problem by moving spectrum resources between them and blockchain-based ST has recently gained much interest since it avoids the traditional centralization concern. In this paper, we propose a smart contract based decentralized ST scheme for VONs. The system is built on a private blockchain which can be implemented with the off-shelf Ethereum platform at a low development cost. A frequency slot (FS) trading contract (FSTC) is designed to trade unoccupied spectrum resources among VONs. Compared with existing schemes, FSTC explicitly addresses the virtual link brokerage (VLB) problem by trading in the granularity of virtual links. Furthermore, FSTC ensures FS information authenticity and enables FS recyclability via mechanisms based on Ethereum smart contract features. We implement FSTC with Solidity and evaluate its costs which demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Spectrum management; Virtual Optical Networks; blcokchain; smart contract

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012790

【Author】 Huang, Yuan Wang, Rong Chen, Xiangping Zhou, Xiaocong Wang, Ziyan

【Source】2022 IEEE 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND SECURITY, QRS

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-智能合约

【Abstract】Developers may not understand the Gas mechanism of Ethereum, so many smart contracts consume a lot of unnecessary Gas. To address this issue, existing studies have proposed several methods to optimize the code of the contracts to reduce Gas consumption. To verify the effectiveness, most of the methods deploy a private chain to make verification. However, a more reasonable way is to employ the real transactions on Ethereum to trigger the contracts before and after optimization, and then compare the Gas consumption. To achieve this goal, we proposed a method, GOV, to estimate the Gas consumption of the optimized contract by using the real transactions on Ethereum. Our method enables the optimized contract to follow the execution path of the contract before optimization, thus solving the problem of inconsistent execution paths before and after optimization. A preliminary evaluation shows that GOV can effectively estimate the Gas consumption of optimized contract.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Smart Contract; Blockchain; Ethereum; Gas-Optimization; Verification method

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/QRS57517.2022.00055

【Author】 Du, Jinhu Huang, Song Wang, Xingya Zheng, Changyou Sun, Jinlei

【Source】2022 IEEE 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE QUALITY, RELIABILITY AND SECURITY, QRS

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-智能合约

【Abstract】An Ethereum smart contract is an agreement reached by multiple parties, which is guaranteed by blockchain technology to be executed in accordance with the terms expressed in the form of code. Its security needs are particularly prominent due to a large number of digital assets under management. Testing is an effective way to find flaws that threaten the security of smart contracts. However, current smart contract test case generation methods do not regard the impact of other functions in the smart contract on state variables, resulting in the inaccessibility of the control statements related to state variables and low branch coverage of the function under test. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes SV-Gen. SV-Gen generates test cases for smart contracts through two steps: static analysis and dynamic search. In the first step, SV-Gen considers the read-write relationship between functions and state variables in the smart contract to generate a function invocation sequence for the function to be tested through a backtracking algorithm on state variables. Then the arguments of transactions to invoke each function in the sequence are generated through regex matching to form the primitive test case. In the second step, the primitive test cases constitute an initial population, and a genetic algorithm undertakes the task of evolving them to high branch coverage. The experimental results on one of the VeriSmart datasets show that SV-Gen can effectively enter the control constraints related to state variables and improve the branch coverage of smart contracts.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Ethereum smart contract; test case generation; state variable; data dependency analysis; genetic algorithm

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/QRS57517.2022.00077

【Author】 Sicilia, Miguel-Angel Garcia-Barriocanal, Elena Sanchez-Alonso, Salvador Mora-Cantallops, Marcal de Lucio, Juan-Jose

【Source】ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE WITH EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, EGETC 2022

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-环保领域

【Abstract】Blockchain technologies have demonstrated the potential to build decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols that are composable and interoperable. One of the envisioned applications of blockchains is that of becoming a platform for markets of greenhouse-gas emissions. KlimaDAO is one of the recently launched protocols that attempts to bridge existing voluntary carbon markets to DeFi by means of building incentive mechanisms on top of tokenized carbon assets. That approach may eventually bring benefits to carbon markets in terms of liquidity and transparency and address a wider audience. Here we report the analysis of the early status of that initiative in an attempt to get insights in its actual functioning and value, and on the extent to which they are currently addressing the original goals and potential benefits of this kind of protocols.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】KlimaDAO; Carbon markets; Decentralized finance; Tokens; Blockchain

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.1007/978-3-031-22950-3_17

【Author】 Haga, Shinya Takahashi, Taisei Omote, Kazumasa

【Source】2022 IEEE 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE QUALITY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY COMPANION, QRS-C

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-能源领域

【Abstract】For solar power producers, fluctuation in power generation due to changes in solar radiation are one of the major risks because they can lead to unstable income. To deal with this risk, solar power producers have been trading weather derivatives, financial instruments that generate income calculated based on solar radiation. Prior research has proposed one-to-one bilateral swap-based weather derivatives utilizing DeFi. However, in bilateral transactions, the parties need to agree on various terms and conditions of the swap in advance, which may lead to lost time due to repeated negotiations and adjustments, as well as the possibility of failed negotiations. In this paper, we extend bilateral transactions to N-to-N multi-pair swaps, which do not require negotiation before the swap transaction and are easier to participate in. We implement a prototype on the Ethereum test network and show that our proposed method can mitigate income loss risk due to weather fluctuations.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; smart contract; DeFi; weather derivative; swap

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/QRS-C57518.2022.00018

【Author】 Fan, Yixin Hao, Guozhi Wu, Jun

【Source】2022 IEEE 22ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE QUALITY, RELIABILITY, AND SECURITY COMPANION, QRS-C

【影响因子】

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-NFT

【Abstract】Currently, Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) greatly benefits artificial intelligence (AI) model trading. However, threats such as model piracy and patent grabbing devastatingly violate the copyright of AI models. Current invasive copyright protection solutions mainly rely on watermarking to embed specific information into AI models, which inevitably decreases the accuracy. While non-invasive schemes, such as adversarial samples, cannot guarantee uniqueness as the adversarial sample generation algorithm would be known to all traders, and thus need to be changed after trading. To enable the ownership information transferable across AI model trading, we propose a blockchain-driven Non-Fungible Token (NFT) approach for trading-oriented AI model copyright protection. We design a mapping mechanism from AI models parameters to NFTs which can identify uniqueness and ownership of AI models across trading. Besides, a reputation-based rewards and penalties scheme is proposed to prevent NFT piracy. Lastly, the evaluation verifies the applicability of our approach.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; NFT; AI model trading; copyright protection

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-06-01

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1109/QRS-C57518.2022.00023