Consensus Mechanism for Blockchain-Enabled Vehicle-to-Vehicle Energy Trading in the Internet of Electric Vehicles

【Author】 Abishu, Hayla Nahom; Seid, Abegaz Mohammed; Yacob, Yasin Habtamu; Ayall, Tewodros; Sun, Guolin; Liu, Guisong

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY

【Abstract】Electric Vehicles (EVs) have emerged as one of the most promising solutions for reducing carbon emissions in smart cities. However, due to the limited battery life of EVs and the scarcity of charging stations, EV drivers are not willing to travel long distances. Thus, blockchain-enabled energy trading (BET) has lately been used to securely share energy among EVs via wireless power transfer (WPT) technology. Blockchain is used to ensure the security and privacy of transactions between untrustworthy EVs in the WPT process. Nevertheless, previous works on BET have relied on existing consensus mechanisms built on the requirements of the cryptocurrency systems. These consensus mechanisms have faced significant challenges in maintaining high reliability, throughput, low latency, and network scalability in V2V energy trading that requires real-time services. To address these issues, we propose a new consensus mechanism that leverages the benefits of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) and Proof of Reputation (PoR) called PBFT-based PoR (PPoR). The energy trading process runs in a clustered vehicular network, where validator selection, block generation, and consensus processes are performed in each cluster. We adopt an incentive mechanism based on a Stackelberg game model to optimize the utility of sellers, buyers, and validator nodes, which motivates honest and cooperative nodes. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces buyers' costs by 21.1% while increasing the utility of sellers by 18%. Moreover, compared to benchmarks, the proposed scheme reduces the transaction processing delay and increases the throughput by more than 47.1% and 15.7%, respectively.

【Keywords】Vehicle-to-grid; Energy exchange; Electric vehicle charging; Costs; Sun; Batteries; Wireless power transfer; Blockchain; consensus mechanism; electric vehicles; energy trading; WPT

【标题】电动车联网区块链车对车能源交易共识机制

【摘要】电动汽车 (EV) 已成为减少智慧城市碳排放的最有前景的解决方案之一。然而，由于电动汽车的电池寿命有限，充电站稀缺，电动汽车司机不愿意长途旅行。因此，支持区块链的能源交易（BET）最近被用于通过无线电力传输（WPT）技术在电动汽车之间安全地共享能源。区块链用于确保 WPT 过程中不可信 EV 之间交易的安全性和隐私性。尽管如此，以前关于 BET 的工作都依赖于基于加密货币系统要求的现有共识机制。在需要实时服务的 V2V 能源交易中，这些共识机制在保持高可靠性、吞吐量、低延迟和网络可扩展性方面面临重大挑战。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种新的共识机制，该机制利用了实用拜占庭容错 (PBFT) 和信誉证明 (PoR) 的优势，称为基于 PBFT 的 PoR (PPoR)。能源交易过程在集群车辆网络中运行，其中验证者选择、块生成和共识过程在每个集群中执行。我们采用基于 Stackelberg 博弈模型的激励机制来优化卖家、买家和验证者节点的效用，从而激励诚实合作的节点。仿真结果表明，所提出的方案将买方的成本降低了 21.1%，而卖方的效用提高了 18%。此外，与基准相比，该方案减少了事务处理延迟，吞吐量分别提高了 47.1% 和 15.7% 以上。

【关键词】车辆到电网；能量交换；电动汽车充电；费用；太阳;电池；无线电力传输；区块链；共识机制；电动汽车；能源交易； WPT

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】Article

【论文大主题】共识机制

【论文小主题】PBFT改进

【影响因子】6.239

【翻译者】石东瑛