【Author】
Xue, Lide; Yang, Wei; Chen, Weilin; Huang, Liusheng
【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COGNITIVE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
【Abstract】The ever-developing 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently drawn increased attention to the use and management of underutilized spectrum. Blockchain is a good potential solution, however, the Nakamoto consensus-based scheme has a low spectrum utilization rate, high transaction delay, and a huge waste of energy. In this paper, we present a novel decentralized distributed spectrum trading protocol STBC (Spectrum Trading Blockchain) base on blockchain, which explicitly aims for efficiency, simplicity, safety, and energy-saving. STBC uses a new consensus mechanism to quickly confirm transactions while tolerating up to n/3 malicious nodes (n is the total number of nodes), and its implementation code is very concise. We adopt the similar idea of sharding to improve the efficiency and scalability of the system. Due to the specificality of spectrum trading, it is necessary to protect the privacy of trading nodes. Therefore we propose a temporarily anonymous transaction that can effectively prevent DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack. Moreover, theoretical analysis shows that STBC is also secure against mainstream attacks such as double-spending attacks and the power consumption of STBC is significantly less than the Nakamoto consensus-based scheme. The prototype evaluation of our protocol demonstrates that it improves the spectrum utilization by about 30% compared with the state-of-the-art blockchain spectrum trading schemes, and meanwhile reducing the transaction confirmation delay by about 12.5x.
【Keywords】Blockchain; distributed consensus algorithm; spectrum trading; spectrum management
【标题】STBC：一种基于区块链的新型频谱交易解决方案
【摘要】不断发展的 5G 和物联网 (IoT) 技术最近引起了人们对未充分利用频谱的使用和管理的更多关注。区块链是一个很好的潜在解决方案，但基于中本聪共识的方案频谱利用率低、交易延迟高、能源浪费巨大。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于区块链的新型去中心化分布式频谱交易协议 STBC（频谱交易区块链），该协议明确旨在提高效率、简单性、安全性和节能性。 STBC 采用新的共识机制快速确认交易，同时容忍多达 n/3 个恶意节点（n 为节点总数），其实现代码非常简洁。我们采用类似的分片思想来提高系统的效率和可扩展性。由于频谱交易的特殊性，需要保护交易节点的隐私。因此，我们提出了一种临时匿名交易，可以有效防止 DDoS（分布式拒绝服务）攻击。此外，理论分析表明，STBC 对双花攻击等主流攻击也具有安全性，STBC 的功耗明显低于基于 Nakamoto 共识的方案。我们协议的原型评估表明，与最先进的区块链频谱交易方案相比，它的频谱利用率提高了约 30%，同时交易确认延迟减少了约 12.5 倍。
【关键词】区块链；分布式共识算法；频谱交易；频谱管理
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