【Author】
Wang, Ping; Chen, Weiqian; Lin, Songlian; Liu, Liyan; Sun, Zhiwei; Zhang, Fangguo
【Source】INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
【Abstract】Blockchain systems based on the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus introduce entropy to the system in a natural way due to the randomness of mining. However, for non-PoW consensus (e.g., proof-of-stake and delegated proof-of-stake consensus) blockchain systems, a different approach to introducing entropy, such as the distributed random number generation (dRNG) algorithm, must be established. The dRNG algorithm is one of the key challenges in developing the consensus mechanism, as well as one of the relevant parameters for determining the merit of the consensus mechanism. In this paper, we first derive a publicly verifiable quantum random numbers generation protocol based on the certifiable randomness scheme from any untrusted quantum device, which offers features, such as fairness, no trusted third party, and publicly verifiable. Then, based on verifiable quantum random numbers, we propose a new consensus algorithm. The algorithm selects block proposer and block verification committees for each round using verifiable quantum random numbers, resulting in better randomness, fairness, and efficiency of the entire consensus process. In addition, the new consensus algorithm is not only resistant to adaptive adversary models as well as to collusion attacks, but also requires negligible computation for each user to avoid unnecessary consumption of power resources. Finally, we analyze the verifiable randomness, fairness, liveness, and communication complexity of the consensus algorithm.
【Keywords】blockchain; consensus algorithms; verifiable quantum random numbers; verifiable random numbers
【摘要】基于工作证明（PoW）共识的区块链系统，由于挖矿的随机性，以自然的方式将熵引入系统。然而，对于非PoW共识（例如，权益证明和委托权益证明共识）的区块链系统，必须建立一种不同的引入熵的方法，例如分布式随机数生成（dRNG）算法。dRNG算法是开发共识机制的关键挑战之一，也是决定共识机制优劣的相关参数之一。在本文中，我们首先从任何不受信任的量子设备中推导出一个基于可验证随机性方案的可公开验证的量子随机数生成协议，该协议具有公平性、无信任第三方、可公开验证等特点。然后，基于可验证的量子随机数，我们提出一种新的共识算法。该算法利用可验证的量子随机数为每一轮选择区块提议者和区块验证委员会，从而使整个共识过程具有更好的随机性、公平性和效率。此外，新的共识算法不仅可以抵抗自适应对手模型以及合谋攻击，而且每个用户需要的计算量可以忽略不计，以避免不必要的电力资源消耗。最后，我们分析了该共识算法的可验证随机性、公平性、有效性和通信复杂性。
【关键词】区块链；共识算法；可验证的量子随机数；可验证的随机数
【文献类型】Article; Early Access
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