【Abstract】This study aims to synthesize the extant literature on supply chain (SC) resilience and draw a roadmap for resilient SCs by employing a systematic literature review (SLR). The paper utilizes an SLR methodology to draw upon important themes and sub-themes. This is based on a pool of papers published in peer-reviewed journals. Major themes identified included SC networks and structures, Industry 4.0 and digitalization, innovation and entrepreneurship, capabilities and strategies, SC risk management, circular economy and sustainability. SC networks and structures, as well as the role of information technology and Industry 4.0, are an important theme of research in the literature. The literature at this juncture has mainly highlighted the role of big data analytics, blockchain technology, and artificial intelligence in SC resilience. In addition, the important capabilities highlighted by researchers include SC flexibility, SC capacity, SC robustness, SC relationship management and SC leadership for improving SC resilience. The important themes and sub-themes identified in the study would help identify the strategic fields of action for creating resilient SCs. Particularly, the conceptualization of resilience within the SCs would help to uncover the factors that play an important role in improving the SCs. Further, the study also focuses on the interplay between sustainability and resilience. The present study will help managers to understand the factors that affect resilience in SCs.
【Abstract】Internet of Things (IoT) has gained its widespread application in various fields. Integrating blockchain technology with IoT-based applications has been attracting more research enthusiasm. On the other hand, the number of peer nodes and distributed ledgers is one vital factor for the security of blockchain-based applications. Due to the enormous number of IoT terminal devices, IoT can potentially enhance the security of blockchain, supposing IoT terminal devices play the role of peer nodes. However, the combination of blockchain and IoT faces several challenges. The distributed ledger storage on peer node, which will consume too much storage space of IoT terminal devices, must be solved properly. With the increase of IoT terminal devices for use as peer nodes, especially full nodes, the performance of blockchain will face another challenge. The additional network traffic of IoT terminal devices must also be well-controlled. In this paper, a Heterogeneous Peer-node and Cloud-based Ledger Storage Blockchain (HPCLS-BC) is suggested, in which smart phone, tablet Personal Computer (PC) and conventional computer play the role of peer nodes. Cloud-based ledger storage is proposed to alleviate the pressure of ledger storage on peer nodes, and to make sure the number of peer nodes always equals that of the distributed ledgers. An anti-telecom-fraud scenario is presented to illustrate its application. Comparative experiment results show that HPCLS-BC is competent to blockchain application with lightweight and middleweight pressure, and does not lead to obvious additional network traffic for mobile peer nodes.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
【Abstract】Some major social media companies are announcing plans to tokenize user engagements, derived from blockchain-based decentralized social media. This would bring financial and reputational incentives for engagement, which might lead users to post more objectionable content. Previous research showed that financial or reputational incentives for accuracy decrease the willingness to share misinformation. However, it is unclear to what extent such outcome would change if engagements instead of accuracy were incentivized, which is a more realistic scenario. To address this question, we conducted a survey experiment to examine the effects of hypothetical token incentives. We find that a simple nudge about the possibility of earning token-based points for the achieved user engagements increases the willingness to share different kinds of news, including misinformation. The presence of penalties for objectionable posts diminishes the positive effect of tokenization rewards on misinformation sharing, but it does not eliminate it. These results have policy implications for content moderation practices if platforms embrace decentralization and engagement tokenization.
【Abstract】The transformative potential of blockchain technology has resulted in its widespread adoption, bringing about numerous advantages such as enhanced data integrity, transparency, and decentralization. Blockchain has effectively proven its ability to establish trustworthy systems across a multitude of applications. As the number of transactions recorded into a blockchain grows, the blockchain's size expands significantly, posing challenges to the network, particularly in terms of storage capacity and processing power. To address this problem, we present a cryptosystem based on RSA to provide aggregate signatures in blockchains. The aggregate signature replaces all transaction signatures of a block. In this scheme, all participating blockchain nodes use the same modulus $N$ , each with its own private and public key pair generated from $N$ . Regardless of the number of transactions, nodes, and signers, the aggregate signature size is always $O(k)$ , where $k$ is a security parameter. The miner that constructs a candidate block computes the aggregate signature $\sigma $ , replaces all transaction signatures by $\sigma $ , and transmits the block with only one aggregate signature. The proposed scheme incorporates a flexible and accountable subgroup aggregate signature mechanism, allowing any subset $t$ of $n$ total elements to sign data, where $t$ is the required number of signers. To verify that a set of elements signed the block, the verifier requires the aggregate signature, the aggregate public key, and the data hash. This approach requires minimal interaction between the signers, which results in reduced network traffic. Regardless of the network size, there are always $t + n$ exchanged messages. Experimental analysis shows the proposed aggregate signature scheme's effectiveness in increasing security robustness and reducing block size and overall network traffic.
【Abstract】The blockchain's subversive potential challenges the traditional paradigm by centering around a complex equation that embodies the fundamental principle of trust. In this study, a model known as the Chain of Trust is proposed to uncover the embedded trust within this equation. Through a web-based self-administered survey involving 258 users, the research examines users' willingness to trust and the factors contributing to trust formation in blockchain, thereby establishing a theoretical foundation for understanding the role of blockchain features and characteristics in shaping trust. The Chain of Trust Model serves as a comprehensive framework dedicated to enhancing trust in the disruptive realm of blockchain technology. It sheds light on the intricate relationship between trust and blockchain, offering valuable insights for the development of more dependable and efficient blockchain systems. This study introduces the innovative Chain of Trust model, by adeptly demonstrating the intricate connections between various dimensions of blockchain and the establishment of trust. It emphasizes the criticality of comprehending these dimensions and characteristics to elucidate the phenomenon of trust formation within the blockchain ecosystem. Additionally, this research provides organizations with practical implications that underscore the importance of considering identified limitations and caveats, ultimately urging further investigation in this domain.
【Abstract】Blockchain technology has been applied to the government's supervision mechanism of the platform ecosystem, considering the inaccurate timing of the Chinese government's supervision of the platform ecosystem. This study establishes a game model to study the government's decision-making behavior, total social welfare, and participants in the platform ecosystem. Research suggests that although government regulation can improve overall social welfare, excessive regulation inhibits the development of platform enterprises. Hence, this study further analyzes the government's regulatory interval facing the platform ecosystem, constructs an application scenario of blockchain that enables timely government regulation, and establishes the regulatory interval as the trigger mechanism of smart contracts in the blockchain. The smart contract can send an alarm, and the government can intervene in the platform ecosystem for supervision if the evaluation result is within the regulatory interval. The government will not intervene in the platform ecosystem for regulation (if the government is inside the platform ecosystem at this time, the government will withdraw; if it is not inside the platform ecosystem, it will remain unchanged) if the assessment result exceeds the regulatory range.
【Abstract】As the adoption of cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin (BTC) continues to rise in today's digital economy, understanding their unpredictable nature becomes increasingly critical. This research paper addresses this need by investigating the volatile nature of the cryptocurrency market, mainly focusing on Bitcoin trend prediction utilizing on-chain data and whale-alert tweets. By employing a Q-learning algorithm, a type of reinforcement learning, we analyze variables such as transaction volume, network activity, and significant Bitcoin transactions highlighted in whale-alert tweets. Our findings indicate that the algorithm effectively predicts Bitcoin trends when integrating on-chain and Twitter data. Consequently, this study offers valuable insights that could potentially guide investors in informed Bitcoin investment decisions, thereby playing a pivotal role in the realm of cryptocurrency risk management.
【Abstract】Decentralized applications (dApps) consist of smart contracts that run on blockchains and clients that model collaborating parties. dApps are used tomodel financial and legal business functionality. Today, contracts and clients are written as separate programs-in different programming languages-communicating via send and receive operations. This makes distributed program flow awkward to express and reason about, increasing the potential for mismatches in the client-contract interface, which can be exploited by malicious clients, potentially leading to huge financial losses. In this article, we present Prisma, a language for tierless decentralized applications, where the contract and its clients are defined in one unit and pairs of send and receive actions that "belong together" are encapsulated into a single direct-style operation, which is executed differently by sending and receiving parties. This enables expressing distributed program flow via standard control flow and renders mismatching communication impossible. We prove formally that our compiler preserves program behavior in presence of an attacker controlling the client code. We systematically compare Prisma with mainstream and advanced programming models for dApps and provide empirical evidence for its expressiveness and performance.
【Abstract】Central banks around the world are researching and developing central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Yet the motivations for issuance, policy approaches, and technical designs differ across countries. We set out a comprehensive database of CBDC projects and technical approaches, and investigate the economic and institutional factors that correlate with CBDC project efforts. Most projects are found in economies with high mobile phone use and a high capacity for innovation. Work on retail CBDCs is more advanced where the informal economy is larger. Many central banks are considering architectures in which a CBDC is a direct cash-like claim on the central bank, but the private sector handles all retail services.
【Abstract】Motivation: So far, nothing has been known about the impact of the war in Ukraine on the dynamics of cryptocurrency markets, in particular on the intraday trading patterns in Bitcoin, nowadays the largest market capitalization and trading volume cryptocurrency. Aim: Use the data from the period January-April 2022 exhibiting over 1.5 million trades at Bitstamp, one out of four largest in trading volume Bitcoin markets, to identify and compare the day of the week and the hour of the day effects in the rate of return, bid ask spread and trading volume at times preceding and following the war outbreak. Results: The analysis based on the regression including dummy variables showed that the bid-ask spread and trading volume exhibited both the day of the week and the hour of the day effects. The same applied to the rate of return - but only incidentally. The effects differed in the magnitude across the peace and war periods being mostly smaller in the latter one due to increased risk faced by market participants who, as reflected in the number of trades and trading volume, lowered their activity. Since Bitcoin at Bit stamp is traded 24 hours a day and 7 days a week and incoming information is continuously impounded into its prices, the intraday trading patterns are different from those at the mature and emerging stock markets. The wider spreads and larger trading volumes were found present close to open of the major stock markets (NYSE, NASDAQ, London, Frankfurt, Tokyo).
【Abstract】As products move from production to consumption, an agri-food value chain is a complicated system; it should be traceable to its origin, maintaining customers' health. Farm-to-fork food safety and quality certifications have become mandatory and should follow the Food Safety and Standards Act. But, in reality, this is not happening. Pressure regulates by the end users because of malpractices during harvest, additional toxic chemicals, and illicit trades. Adopting data-driven practices demanded due to malpractices and pressure regulation forces researchers to develop better traceable value chain systems. A blockchain-based solution applicable to agri-foods (securing the real-time exchange of information with centralised structure intermediaries) is proposed. It adheres to standards of safety throughout the supply chain. Considering the perishability, fruits are taken as a domain for validation. The proposed solution makes a significant addition to the existing literature on Indian agri-food, which is substantial in the traceability and safety of agri-food products.
