【Author】 Park, Seongjoon Lee, Jaeseung Kim, Hwangnam

【Source】JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL INFORMATION INTEGRATION

【影响因子】11.718

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-预言机

【Abstract】This paper covers a novel solution to reduce the gas consumed by Decentralized Applications (DApps) running on Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). Smart contracts extend the capabilities of the Blockchain, but the strict gas policy of the EVM limits the implementation of various DApps. On the other hand, Oracle provides a means to use an external execution environment for smart contracts, but its functional limitations and additional costs limit the growth of the DApp market to DApp users. To address the gas consumption crisis of DApps, we designed an event-based resource offloading solution that allows DApp developers to run their own compute servers. By adopting our solution, DApp users only pay the constant and minimized amount of gas fee, while the external server pays highly reduced amount of gas fee instead. We describe the solution in detail with a sample DApp model and mathematically demonstrate the effectiveness of the solution compared to an Oracle-based implementation. Furthermore, we conducted empirical experiment of actual DApp using EVM and verified the reduction of the gas consumption.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Ethereum Virtual Machine; Resource offloading

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1016/j.jii.2022.100411

【Author】 Biais, Bruno Bisiere, Christophe Bouvard, Matthieu Casamatta, Catherine Menkveld, Albert J. J.

【Source】JOURNAL OF FINANCE FT50 UTD24

【影响因子】7.915

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】We offer a general equilibrium analysis of cryptocurrency pricing. The fundamental value of the cryptocurrency is its stream of net transactional benefits, which depend on its future prices. This implies that, in addition to fundamentals, equilibrium prices reflect sunspots. This in turn implies multiple equilibria and extrinsic volatility, that is, cryptocurrency prices fluctuate even when fundamentals are constant. To match our model to the data, we construct indices measuring the net transactional benefits of Bitcoin. In our calibration, part of the variations in Bitcoin returns reflects changes in net transactional benefits, but a larger share reflects extrinsic volatility.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1111/jofi.13206

【Author】 Zha, Rui Yu, Lean Su, Yi Yin, Hang

【Source】ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH

【影响因子】5.190

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】This study examines the relationship and risk spillover between Bitcoin, crude oil, and six traditional markets (the US stock, Chinese stock, gold, bond, currency, and real estate markets) from 2019 to 2020, during which the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak occurred as well. We first discuss the static relationship between Bitcoin and these markets using a quantile-on-quantile model and examine the dynamic relationship using a time-varying copula model. A conditional value-at-risk model is subsequently used to estimate the risk spillover between the markets studied. The empirical results reveal that the relationship between these markets is always time-varying, and the COVID-19 outbreak has revealed such changes in the relationship between Bitcoin and other traditional financial markets. The risk of all single markets has enhanced because of the pandemic. Further, the risk spillover of these markets has also changed dramatically since the COVID-19 outbreak during which the Bitcoin market has played an important role and exerted a significant impact on the crude oil market, and the four other markets (US stock, gold, Chinese stock, and real estate markets). Overall, our findings indicate that investors and policymakers need to be made aware of the risk spillover between Bitcoin, crude oil, and other traditional markets and that flexible hedge strategies and policies should be implemented in response to the challenges and economic recession observed following the COVID-19 outbreak.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Bitcoin; Crude oil; Financial markets; Dynamic dependences; Risk spillover effects; COVID-19

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1007/s11356-022-25107-w

【Author】 Wu, Wei-Chen Chew, Chit-Jie Chen, Ying-Chin Wu, Cheng-Han Chen, Tzu Hao Lee, Jung-San

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT CCF-C

【影响因子】4.758

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】The utilization of cloud and edge computing has become one of the most prevailing resource supply mechanisms. Thousands of enterprise users and Internet of Things (IoT) devices have performed operations through services sold by computing resource providers. So far, the auction match is the main strategy for allocating resources, in which there exists a trusted third party playing a role as a broker to deal with resource allocation requests for both providers and consumers. The main concerns in resource allocation architecture are how and how long to solve the Winner Determination Problem (WDP), which is used to lay out the match outcome. It is not easy for a single broker with limited computing power to generate an optimal solution in a short period since its corresponding time complexity is regarded as the NP-hard problem. Meanwhile, it is hard for people to trust the third party thoroughly. That is, there are three potential issues, including centralization, data security, and untrustworthiness in traditional matching architecture. In particular, the real-time matching cannot be achieved to fulfill users who have urgent needs of computing resources. To solve above issues, we have designed a trustworthy and real-time decentralized computing resource allocation platform based on blockchain and smart contract. In order to optimize the allocation results, we improve the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) for miners to reach the consensus mechanism. Experimental results and comparison analysis have demonstrated that potential defects could be addressed in the new method, and the real-time resource allocation can be preserved firmly despite the balance vibration of market supply and demand.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Resource management; Real-time systems; Cloud computing; Smart contracts; Edge computing; Computer architecture; Supply and demand; Real-time; resource allocation; blockchain; smart contract; winner determination problem

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1109/TNSM.2022.3215988

【Author】 Imtiaz, Muhammad Anas Starobinski, David Trachtenberg, Ari

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT CCF-C

【影响因子】4.758

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Block relay protocols play a key role in the performance and security of public blockchains. As a result, several such protocols have been deployed in the context of Bitcoin and its variants (e.g., legacy, compact block relay and Graphene) in an attempt to reduce bandwidth utilization. However, the relative performance of these protocols in realistic networking conditions (e.g., with nodes churning - joining and leaving the network) is still not known. This paper aims to fill this key knowledge gap using an experimental testbed of twelve full nodes connected to the Bitcoin Cash blockchain. With the aid of novel logging tools, we contrast the performance of these three protocols, in realistic scenarios, with respect to communication, delay, and block decoding success. Our main findings are that Graphene generally performs the best when nodes remain connected, boasting an average propagation delay of 190 ms (i.e., 29% lower than compact block and 80% lower than the legacy protocol). However, when nodes churn at a high rate, compact blocks may perform better. Through a careful temporal analysis, we identify some root causes of the protocol inefficiencies, together with potential mitigation. We have made our measurement framework and experimental logs publicly available to the broader research community.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Protocols; Bitcoin; Relays; Peer-to-peer computing; Graphene; Blockchains; Propagation delay; measurements; performance

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1109/TNSM.2022.3195976

【Author】 Song, Yuhan Wei, Fushan Zhu, Kaijie Zhu, Yuefei

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT CCF-C

【影响因子】4.758

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Attacks against blockchain networks have proliferated in recent years. Due to its immense economic value, Bitcoin has been subject to numerous malicious theft activities through the exchange platforms. This poses a severe threat to the credibility of the entire Bitcoin ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary to provide detection and prediction services of malicious events for Bitcoin Exchanges to prevent them in a precise and timely manner. Meanwhile, preserving the privacy of transaction data to prevent de-anonymization attacks during the detection process is also of great importance. In this paper, we present a general framework for privacy-preserving anomaly detection in blockchain networks. Based on this framework, we propose ADaaS, an anomaly detection service scheme that adopts a supervised machine learning model and achieves privacy preservation by using vector homomorphic encryption and matrix perturbation strategies. We also analyze the security, communication and computation costs of ADaaS. Experimental results demonstrate that ADaaS can achieve high detection effectiveness while providing privacy guarantees and is applicable in real scenarios of detecting Bitcoin transactions due to its reasonable efficiency.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Bitcoin; Anomaly detection; Blockchains; Privacy; Computational modeling; Perturbation methods; Homomorphic encryption; Blockchain; anomaly detection; security and privacy; vector homomorphic encryption; machine learning

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1109/TNSM.2022.3215006

【Author】 Botta, Vincenzo Iovino, Vincenzo Visconti, Ivan

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORK AND SERVICE MANAGEMENT CCF-C

【影响因子】4.758

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】A major issue for many applications of blockchain technology is the tension between immutability and compliance to regulations. For instance, the GDPR in the EU requires to guarantee, under some circumstances, the right to be forgotten. This could imply that at some point one might be forced to delete some data from a locally stored blockchain, therefore irreparably hurting the security and transparency of such decentralized platforms. Motivated by such data protection and consistency issues, in this work we design and implement a mechanism for securely deleting data from Bitcoin blockchain. We use zero-knowledge proofs to allow any node to delete some data from Bitcoin transactions, still preserving the public verifiability of the correctness of the spent and spendable coins. Moreover, we specifically use STARK proofs to exploit the transparency that they provide. Our solution, unlike previous approaches, avoids the complications of asking nodes to reach consensus on the content to delete. In particular, our design allows every node to delete some specific data without coordinating this decision with others. In our implementation, data removal can be performed (resp., verified) in minutes (resp., seconds) on a standard laptop rather than in days as required in previous designs based on consensus.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; Bitcoin; Protocols; Databases; Regulation; Proposals; Data protection; bitcoin; regulations

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1109/TNSM.2022.3214279

【Author】 Sun, Heyang Li, Tong Yang, Chao Zhang, Yingli Song, Jinliang Lei, Zhenjiang Gong, Gangjun Liu, Yang

【Source】FRONTIERS IN ENERGY RESEARCH

【影响因子】3.858

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】With the proposal of the two-carbon goal, energy conservation and emission reduction will become the focus of China's energy system in the future for a long time to come. The establishment of a complete and efficient carbon traceability system will play an important role in promoting carbon emission reduction in the power system. Based on blockchain, this paper uses the consensus mechanism, time stamp, decentralization features, smart contract and other functions of blockchain, combined with the power flow calculation and the characteristics related to carbon emission and active power of the generator set, to obtain the corresponding carbon emission intensity of the generator set and carbon flow rate. It realizes the calculation and tracing of carbon emission flow in power distribution network and ensures the reliability of carbon traceability results, high efficiency of information transmission and transparency of traceability process. Firstly, based on the characteristics of the master-slave multi-chain structure in the consortium chain, In this paper, high-voltage substation nodes are the main chain nodes, and carbon flow tracing and calculation are carried out for the associated low-voltage substations, and the information of high-voltage or low-voltage substation nodes is guaranteed to be tamper-free through the hash anchoring method. The master-slave multi-chain model adopted in this paper is that the main chain adopts EA-DPoS (Evaluation and Agent-DPoS) algorithm, the slave chain adopts improved PBFT algorithm, and the comprehensive evaluation and reward and punishment mechanism are introduced to complete the consensus. Secondly, considering the security requirements of the power system data and the fact that some nodes of the distribution network do not have powerful computing resources comparable to those of the power grid company or major nodes, this paper encrypts and decrypts relevant data in the main chain node by combining the smart contract of blockchain. Meanwhile, cloud service providers with computing resources are responsible for generator power distribution combined with power flow calculation and carbon emission intensity calculation of the generator set. The power grid company adopts the cloud computing framework based on the double check mechanism to calculate the carbon flow rate while verifying the correct calculation results of the cloud service provider, and finally realizes the safe and accurate tracing of the carbon flow of the distribution network.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】carbon flow traceability; distribution network; blockchain; power flow calculation; cloud service provider; smart contract; double check mechanism

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.3389/fenrg.2023.1118109

【Author】 Zubaydi, Haider Dhia Varga, Pal Molnar, Sandor

【Source】SENSORS

【影响因子】3.847

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-物联网

【Abstract】As the Internet of Things (IoT) concept materialized worldwide in complex ecosystems, the related data security and privacy issues became apparent. While the system elements and their communication paths could be protected individually, generic, ecosystem-wide approaches were sought after as well. On a parallel timeline to IoT, the concept of distributed ledgers and blockchains came into the technological limelight. Blockchains offer many advantageous features in relation to enhanced security, anonymity, increased capacity, and peer-to-peer capabilities. Although blockchain technology can provide IoT with effective and efficient solutions, there are many challenges related to various aspects of integrating these technologies. While security, anonymity/data privacy, and smart contract-related features are apparently advantageous for blockchain technologies (BCT), there are challenges in relation to storage capacity/scalability, resource utilization, transaction rate scalability, predictability, and legal issues. This paper provides a systematic review on state-of-the-art approaches of BCT and IoT integration, specifically in order to solve certain security- and privacy-related issues. The paper first provides a brief overview of BCT and IoT's basic principles, including their architecture, protocols and consensus algorithms, characteristics, and the challenges of integrating them. Afterwards, it describes the survey methodology, including the search strategy, eligibility criteria, selection results, and characteristics of the included articles. Later, we highlight the findings of this study which illustrates different works that addressed the integration of blockchain technology and IoT to tackle various aspects of privacy and security, which are followed by a categorization of applications that have been investigated with different characteristics, such as their primary information, objective, development level, target application, type of blockchain and platform, consensus algorithm, evaluation environment and metrics, future works or open issues (if any), and further notes for consideration. Furthermore, a detailed discussion of all articles is included from an architectural and operational perspective. Finally, we cover major gaps and future considerations that can be taken into account when integrating blockchain technology with IoT.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain technology; Internet of Things (IoT); security; privacy; systematic; survey

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.3390/s23020788

【Author】 Hallinan, Kevin P. Hao, Lu Mulford, Rydge Bower, Lauren Russell, Kaitlin Mitchell, Austin Schroeder, Alan

【Source】ENERGIES

【影响因子】3.252

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Despite the climate commitments made by countries in the Paris Climate Agreement adopted in 2015 and reinforced during COP 21 and with notably less success during COP 22, world carbon emissions increased in both 2021 and 2022. It is increasingly unlikely that the world will achieve the targeted 50% carbon reduction by 2030, the reduction approximately needed for reducing global temperature rise since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to less than 1.5 deg. C. At the same time, there remain nearly 2 billion people in the world who have no or highly unreliable access to power. In developed countries, access to both clean energy and energy efficiency investment in residences within low to moderate income communities has also lagged. This paper provides a review of the "Productive Use of Energy (PUE)", which is a means to add value to solar energy mini- and micro-grids to ensure investment worthiness and add more value to the communities being served. In this context, it posits an opportunity to leverage Bitcoin mining as a common PUE strategy applicable to new solar installations. Several actual pilot cases are described to demonstrate this potential throughout the world and at multiple scales. These include: (i) existing micro-grids with significant stranded energy to generate income that could be used to reduce the cost per kWh for the community; (ii) new solar micro-grids optimized to meet community load and mining operations; (iii) dedicated solar-powered Bitcoin mining mini-grids developed solely to create a funding stream for self-investment by communities for their benefit; and (iv) a low-income residential solar-powered Bitcoin miner to reduce the energy cost burden for residents. Several of these scenarios show significant potential to aid investment worthiness.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】productive use of energy; bitcoin mining; solar; micro grid; mini grid; investment; economics

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.3390/en16031200

【Author】 Alshahrani, Hani Islam, Noman Syed, Darakhshan Sulaiman, Adel Al Reshan, Mana Saleh Rajab, Khairan Shaikh, Asadullah Shuja-Uddin, Jaweed Soomro, Aadar

【Source】ENERGIES

【影响因子】3.252

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-扩展方案

【Abstract】Blockchain is a peer-to-peer trustless network that keeps records of digital assets without any central authority. With the passage of time, the sustainability issue of blockchain is rising. This paper discusses two major sustainability issues of blockchain: power consumption and scalability. It discusses the challenge of power consumption by analyzing various approaches to estimating power consumption in the literature. A case study of bitcoin is presented for this purpose. The study presents a review of the growing energy consumption of bitcoin along with a solution for immersion cooling in blockchain mining. The second challenge addressed in this research is scalability. With the increase in network size, scalability issues are also increasing as the number of transactions per second is decreasing. In other words, blockchain is observing low throughput with its increase in size. The paper discusses research studies and techniques proposed in the literature. The paper then investigates how to scale blockchain for better performance.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; bitcoin; scalability; power consumption; immersion cooling

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.3390/en16031510

【Author】 Cohen, Yuval Rozenes, Shai

【Source】APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL

【影响因子】2.838

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】This paper proposes a framework to automate the generation of traceable and protected documentation of complex assembly processes. The final assembly in aviation, automotive, and appliances industries is a rigorous process that has limited capabilities of full traceability associated with: (1) the parts installed, (2) their fabrication processes, and (3) the assembly work. This is also the case for each of its sub-assemblies. The thousands of parts forming a hierarchy of sub-assemblies that are dynamically accumulated to compose the final assembly make full traceability a challenging feat that is almost unsurmountable. Such full traceability along the entire supply chain requires considerable cost and effort since it must be based on documentation of most assembled parts, assembly tasks, and inspection tasks that compose the full assembled product. In addition, security measures are needed to prevent hostile hacking and unauthorized approach to the assembly documentation throughout the entire supply chain. The related documentation and repeated verifications require considerable effort and have many chances for human errors. So, automating these processes has great value. This article expounds a framework that harnesses blockchain and smart-contract technology to offer automated traceable and protected documentation of the assembly process. For this purpose, we expand the concept of a Bill-Of-Assembly (BOA) to incorporate data from the bill of materials (BOM), the associated assembly activities, the associated activities' specification parameters and materials, and the associated assembly resources (machines and/or operators). The paper defines the operation of the BOA with blockchain and smart-contract technology, for attaining full traceability, safety, and security, for the entire assembled product. Future research could extend the proposed approach to facilitate the usage of the BOA data structure in constructing a digital twin of the entire simulated system.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】smart assembly; smart contract; assembly line; assembly 4; 0; assembly system; blockchain; digital twin; industry 4; smart manufacturing

【发表时间】2023

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.3390/app13031884

【Author】 Blazsek, Szabolcs Bowen, Richard

【Source】APPLIED ECONOMICS

【影响因子】1.916

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】This paper discusses whether the Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF), which tracks the value of Bitcoin, improves equity portfolios, by using a robust portfolio performance analysis. The equity portfolio is represented by an ETF that tracks the Standard & Poor's 500. We use data from a turbulent investment period within the coronavirus pandemic, to study the diversification benefits of Bitcoin. We compare the performances of diverse portfolios composed of both ETFs, which include 40 classical dynamic volatility model-based portfolios and 900 score-driven portfolios. For the score-driven portfolios, the dynamic association is modelled by score-driven Clayton, rotated Clayton, Gumbel, rotated Gumbel and Student's t copulas. We compare portfolio strategies using the model confidence set test. We find that score-driven portfolios outperform classical volatility model-based portfolios and the equity portfolio. Our results may provide suggestions for cryptocurrency investors on portfolio optimization and may also have policy implications for regulators and policymakers.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Equity plus Bitcoin portfolios; COVID-19 (coronavirus pandemic of 2019); dynamic conditional score (DCS) models; generalized autoregressive score (GAS) models

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2023-03-16

【文献类型】

【DOI】 10.1080/00036846.2023.2182406