【Author】 Li, Qin Wu, Jiajie Quan, Junyu Shi, Jinjing Zhang, Shichao

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION FORENSICS AND SECURITY CCF-A

【影响因子】7.231

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-共识机制

【Abstract】Quantum blockchain is expected to offer an alternative to classical blockchain to resist malicious attacks laughed by future quantum computers. Although a few quantum blockchain schemes have been constructed, their efficiency is low and unable to meet application requirements due to the fact that they lack of a suitable consensus mechanism. To tackle this issue, a consensus mechanism called quantum delegated proof of stake (QDPoS) is constructed by using quantum voting to provide fast decentralization for the quantum blockchain scheme at first. Then an efficient scheme is proposed for quantum blockchain based on QDPoS, where the classical information is initialized as a part of each single quantum state and these quantum states are entangled to form the chain. Compared with previous methods, the designed quantum blockchain scheme is more complete and carried out with higher efficiency, which greatly contributes to better adapting to the challenges of the quantum era.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Quantum computing; Quantum entanglement; Digital signatures; Consensus protocol; Qubit; Computers; Quantum state; Quantum blockchain; consensus mechanism; QDPoS; quantum voting; quantum entanglement

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1109/TIFS.2022.3203316

【Author】 Wang, Conghua Ji, Jinchen Miao, Zhonghua Zhou, Jin

【Source】JOURNAL OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE-ENGINEERING AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

【影响因子】4.246

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-共识机制

【Abstract】In this paper, a distributed consensus algorithm for multi-mobile robot systems (MMRSs) with communication delays is proposed based on the Udwadia-Kalaba (UK) approach. The key feature of the proposed algorithm is that the consensus requirement is configured as a second-order constraint, and then a concise and explicit equation of motion for the constrained mechanical systems is formulated. Furthermore, the necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving the consensus of MMRSs with or without communication delays are developed under the network topology possessing a directed spanning tree. Finally, some numerical simulations are performed to verify the validity of the proposed consensus algorithm. (C) 2022 The Franklin Institute. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2022.07.046

【Author】 Teisserenc, Benjamin Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.

【Source】BUILDINGS

【影响因子】3.324

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-智能合约

【Abstract】Blockchain technology (BCT) can enable distributed collaboration, enhance data sharing, and automate back-end processes for digital twin (DT) decentralized applications (dApps) in the construction industry (CI) 4.0. The aim of this paper was to propose a software architecture and to develop a framework of smart contracts for blockchain-based digital twin (BCDT) dApps throughout the lifecycle of projects in CI 4.0. This paper leveraged the existing literature and action research interviews to identify and validate the critical industry problems, functional requirements (FRs), and non-functional requirements (NFRs) to be addressed by BCDT dApps in CI 4.0. Basic use cases were developed to design a framework of smart contracts for BCDT dApps throughout the lifecycle of projects. The analysis of an online survey was used to identify the key requirements and enablers to propose a software architecture for BCDT applications and to validate the requirements for developing the framework of a smart contract for BCDTs. The findings were: (1) The identification of key problems in CI 4.0 for each BIM/BCDT dimension (3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D, 8D, and contractual (cD)) and the related FRs and NFRs for BCDT applications. Additionally, key use cases were designed to address the problems identified. (2) The proposed BCDT architecture permitted us to narrow gaps in the literature on blockchain-based decentralized digital twins. Moreover, the proposed BCDT architecture and smart-contract framework addressed the main requirements in the literature on BCDTs. (3) The study leveraged the non-fungible token (NFT) standard to develop a framework for smart contracts that addressed the key use cases and the related industry problems and functional requirements that were identified. The study also considered the contractual dimension (cD) as an overarching dimension in relation to the other BCDT dimensions. (4) We also compared the costs of several public blockchains for executing the proposed smart-contract framework throughout the lifecycle of a medium-sized building project. The cost analysis permitted the development of criteria to evaluate the suitability of blockchain networks for BCDT applications in CI 4.0 depending on the principal blockchain networks' properties (security, decentralization, scalability, and interoperability). Finally, this study resulted in a novel framework that included software architecture, smart-contract use cases, and selection criteria among blockchain networks for BCDT dApps in CI 4.0.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; construction industry; decentralization; digital twin; Ethereum; Industry 4; 0; Internet of Things; non-fungible token; smart contract

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.3390/buildings12091447

【Author】 Liu, Liang Li, Shuhong

【Source】COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE

【影响因子】3.120

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-信贷领域

【Abstract】It is essential to solve the problem of information asymmetry in bank housing credit management, thus reducing bank operating costs and credit risk. Therefore, the present work constructs a bank housing credit blockchain alliance system based on the technical characteristics of blockchain to strengthen bank housing credit risk control. First, according to blockchain's elements and system architecture, the application of blockchain to bank housing credit business is analyzed. On this basis, the bank housing credit risk control strategy is proposed. Finally, the mathematical model is used to investigate residents' household consumption to explore the impact of housing credit on the household consumption plan of residents. The results show that when the educational level of the head of household is illiterate or semi-illiterate, the coefficients of participation credit (PC), nonparticipation credit (NPC), and total samples (TSs) of total household consumption are -0.064, 0.067, and 0.174, respectively; when the educational level of the head of household is primary school or junior middle school, the coefficients of PC, NPC, and TS of total household consumption are -0.026, 0.017, and 0.105, respectively; when the educational level of the head of household is high school or above, the coefficients of PC, NPC, and TS of total household consumption are 0.084, 0.073, and 0.064, respectively. The results indicate that the education level of the head of household plays a crucial role in the family consumption plan. Those with a high educational level will compromise on the best consumption decision after constantly weighing the consumption motivation and consumption thinking after obtaining the credit funds. The content reported here is vitally significant in guiding households to clarify the proportion of credit fund distribution and understand their consumption tendency.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.1155/2022/7021384

【Author】 Liu, Gang Chen, Chi-Yuan Han, Jing-Yuan Zhou, Yi He, Guo-Biao

【Source】SYMMETRY-BASEL

【影响因子】2.940

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-DAO

【Abstract】The Internet of Things (IoT) suffers from a profound lack of trust between central gateways and sensors, e.g., gateways suspect sensors of flooding malicious packets, and vice versa, sensors suspect gateways of manipulating traffic data. One important reason for the mistrust is the asymmetry of a centralized network organization. A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) can establish a trustful and symmetric network with the blockchain. However, it is a vacant area for IoT networks to build trust between gateways and sensors within the DAO. In this paper, we firstly propose a trustful and secure IoT Network DAO solution (NetDAO) to mitigate the data manipulation and the malicious flooding packets. In particular, the NetDAO has a security rating algorithm to assign a reputation value for each entity in the network. Based on this, each entity can mitigate the malicious flooding packets using a proof-of-reputation packet-forwarding mechanism. In addition, the NetDAO stores traffic data using the blockchain to mitigate the data manipulation. The experimental results show that the NetDAO effectively mitigates malicious flooding packets and costs 1 s for similar to 480 entities to complete the rating algorithm.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】IoT; DAO; blockchain; trustful network

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.3390/sym14091796

【Author】 Torky, Mohamed Gaber, Tarek Goda, Essam Snasel, Vaclav Hassanien, Aboul Ella

【Source】AEROSPACE

【影响因子】2.660

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-通信领域

【Abstract】Blockchain has found many applications, apart from Bitcoin, in different fields and it has the potential to be very useful in the satellite communications and space industries. Decentralized and secure protocols for processing and manipulating space transactions of satellite swarms in the form of Space Digital Tokens (SDT) can be built using blockchain technology. Tokenizing space transactions using SDTs will open the door to different new blockchain-based solutions for the advancement of constellation-based satellite communications in the space industry. Developing blockchain solutions using smart contracts could be used in securely authenticating various P2P satellite communications and transactions within/between satellite swarms. To manage and secure these transactions, using the proposed SDT concept, this paper suggested a blockchain-based protocol called Proof of Space Transactions (PoST). This protocol was adopted to manage and authenticate the transactions of satellite constellations in a P2P connection. The PoST protocol was prototyped using the Ethereum blockchain and experimented with to evaluate its performance using four metrics: read latency, read throughput, transaction latency, and transaction throughput. The simulation results clarified the efficiency of the proposed PoST protocol in processing and verifying satellite transactions in a short time according to read and transaction latency results. Moreover, the security results showed that the proposed PoST protocol is secure and efficient in verifying satellite transactions according to true positive rate (TPR), true negative rate (TNR), and accuracy metrics. These findings may shape a real attempt to develop a new generation of Blockchain-based satellite constellation systems.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; Proof of Space Transactions (PoST); satellites constellations; satellites communications; satellites authentication

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.3390/aerospace9090495

【Author】 Chaabane, Faten Ktari, Jalel Frikha, Tarek Hamam, Habib

【Source】FUTURE INTERNET

【影响因子】0.000

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-公共管理

【Abstract】With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and the succession of its waves, the transmission of this disease and the number of deaths caused by it have been increasing. Despite the various vaccines, the COVID-19 virus is still contagious and dangerous for affected people. One of the remedies to this is precaution, and particularly social distancing. In the same vein, this paper proposes a remote voting system, which has to be secure, anonymous, irreversible, accessible, and simple to use. It therefore allows voters to have the possibility to vote for their candidate without having to perform the operation on site. This system will be used for university elections and particularly for student elections. We propose a platform based on a decentralized system. This system will use two blockchains communicating with each other: the public Ethereum blockchain and the private Quorum blockchain. The private blockchain will be institution-specific. All these blockchains send the necessary data to the public blockchain which manages different data related to the universities and the ministry. This system enables using encrypted data with the SHA-256 algorithm to have both security and information security. Motivated by the high energy consumption of blockchain and by the performance improvements in low-power, a test is performed on a low-power embedded platform Raspberry PI4 showing the possibility to use the Blockchain with limited resources.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】E-vote platform; blockchain; Quorum; Ethereum; embedded system; Raspberry PI4

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.3390/fil4090269

【Author】 Ghosh, Bikramaditya Papathanasiou, Spyros Pergeris, Georgios

【Source】ECONOMIC NOTES

【影响因子】0.000

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-数字货币

【Abstract】Many studies have associated cryptocurrencies with bubbles, especially during stressed market conditions such as the recent outbreak of the second wave of COVID-19. Although the majority of studies have focused on Bitcoin, we investigate the predictability of bubble formation in the cryptocurrency market by using the log-periodic power law and we uncover some important stylized facts of this market. Our sample consists of data for a selection of 15 cryptocurrencies for the period between 1 January 2021 and 1 September 2021 which coincides with the second wave of COVID-19. We analyse 86 speculative bubbles, and we find that the cryptocurrency market has three times higher drawdown over equities during stressed market conditions.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】COVID-19; cryptocurrencies; energy consumption; finance; financial bubbles log-periodic power law; transitory policy

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.1111/ecno.12207

【Author】 Banerjee, Aritra Tewari, Hitesh

【Source】CRYPTOGRAPHY

【影响因子】0.000

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-隐私保护

【Abstract】The evolution of smart contracts in recent years inspired a crucial question: do smart contract evaluation protocols provide the required level of privacy when executing contracts on the blockchain? The Hawk (IEEE S&P '16) paper introduces a way to solve the problem of privacy in smart contracts by evaluating the contracts off-chain, albeit with the trust assumption of a manager. To avoid the partially trusted manager altogether, a novel approach named zkHawk (IEEE BRAINS '21) explains how we can evaluate the contracts privately off-chain using a multi-party computation (MPC) protocol instead of trusting said manager. This paper dives deeper into the detailed construction of a variant of the zkHawk protocol titled V-zkHawk using formal proofs to construct the said protocol and model its security in the universal composability (UC) framework (FOCS '01). The V-zkHawk protocol discussed here does not support immediate closure, i.e., all the parties (n) have to send a message to inform the blockchain that the contract has been executed with corruption allowed for up to t parties, where t

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】zkHawk; Hawk; MPC; V-zkHawk; NIZKs; universal composability

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.3390/cryptography6030039

【Author】 Longo, Riccardo Mascia, Carla Meneghetti, Alessio Santilli, Giordano Tognolini, Giovanni

【Source】CRYPTOGRAPHY

【影响因子】0.000

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-智能合约

【Abstract】Blockchain-based platforms utilise cryptographic protocols to enforce the correct behaviour of users, as well as to guarantee a sufficient level of protection against malicious adversaries. Cryptography is, however, an ever-evolving discipline, and any breakthrough would have immediate consequences on the security of blockchain-based applications. A possible threat currently under investigation is given by the development of quantum computers, since several wide-adopted cryptographic protocols have been proved to be unsafe against quantum-capable adversaries. In this work, we propose a novel approach for the management of cryptographic primitives in smart-contract-based ledgers, discussing how it fits in both a (partially) permissioned and a fully permissionless setting. The cryptographic protocols are managed in a flexible manner via a set of smart-contracts defined on the ledger itself, in this way the choice of algorithms and parameters can change quickly. Among the advantages of this approach, we remark how it allows designing an adaptive post-quantum-based blockchain that keeps up with ongoing technological advances. In general, the introduction of new features and the application of fixes to a blockchain cause forks in the chain, which may cause major disruptions. The use of smart contracts in blockchain management allows to avoid this problem, dynamically introducing new protocols or deprecating old ones without compromising previous data. The Cryptographic Kernel approach has been adopted by Quadrans, an open-source, public, decentralised smart-contract-based blockchain with a specific focus on the needs of industry, complex supply chains, and IOT devices.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; distributed ledger; smart contracts; post-quantum cryptography; digital signatures

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.3390/cryptography6030032

【Author】 Nasreen, Samia Tiwari, Aviral Kumar Jiang, Zhuhua Yoon, Seong-Min

【Source】INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL STUDIES

【影响因子】0.000

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-市场分析

【Abstract】In this study, the dependence between Bitcoin (BTC) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) of USA and China is estimated by applying the latest methodology of quantile cross-spectral dependence. Daily data comprising a total of 1947 observations and covering the period of 1 October 2013 to 31 January 2019 are used in this study. The findings indicate that a positive return interdependence between BTC and EPU is high in the short term, and this dependence decreases as investment horizons increase from weekly to yearly. The information on the time-varying and time-frequency structure of interdependence is also extracted by applying wavelet coherence analysis. The estimated results of wavelet coherence suggest that the correlation between BTC and EPU is positive during a short-term investment horizon. Finally, the frequency domain Breitung and Candelon causality test is applied, and results show the evidence of insignificant causality between Bitcoin and EPU. Overall, the findings highlight the diversification benefits of Bitcoin during the period of uncertainty.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Bitcoin; economic policy uncertainty; spillover; wavelet coherence analysis; quantile cross-spectral dependence

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 实证数据

【DOI】 10.3390/ijfs10030049

【Author】 Allam, Zaheer Sharifi, Ayyoob Bibri, Simon Elias Jones, David Sydney Krogstie, John

【Source】SMART CITIES

【影响因子】0.000

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-元宇宙

【Abstract】Data infrastructures, economic processes, and governance models of digital platforms are increasingly pervading urban sectors and spheres of urban life. This phenomenon is known as platformization, which has in turn given rise to the phenomena of platform society, where platforms have permeated the core of urban societies. A recent manifestation of platformization is the Metaverse, a global platform project launched by Meta (formerly Facebook) as a globally operating platform company. The Metaverse represents an idea of a hypothetical "parallel virtual world" that incarnate ways of living and working in virtual cities as an alternative to smart cities of the future. Indeed, with emerging innovative technologies-such as Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, the IoT, and Digital Twins-providing rich datasets and advanced computational understandings of human behavior, the Metaverse has the potential to redefine city designing activities and service provisioning towards increasing urban efficiencies, accountabilities, and quality performance. However, there still remain ethical, human, social, and cultural concerns as to the Metaverse's influence upon the quality of human social interactions and its prospective scope in reconstructing the quality of urban life. This paper undertakes an upper-level literature review of the area of the Metaverse from a broader perspective. Further, it maps the emerging products and services of the Metaverse, and explores their potential contributions to smart cities with respect to their virtual incarnation, with a particular focus on the environmental, economic, and social goals of sustainability. This study may help urban policy makers to better understand the opportunities and implications of the Metaverse upon tech-mediated practices and applied urban agendas, as well as assess the positives and negatives of this techno-urban vision. This paper also offers thoughts regarding the argument that the Metaverse has disruptive and substantive effects on forms of reconstructing reality in an increasingly platformized urban society. This will hopefully stimulate prospective research and further critical perspectives on the topic.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】metaverse; smart cities; digital twins; future cities; forecasting; quality of life; urban policy; digital economy; climate change; virtual reality

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-10-03

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.3390/smartcities5030040