【Author】 Zhu, Qingyun Bai, Chunguang Sarkis, Joseph

【Source】TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART E-LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORTATION REVIEW

【影响因子】10.047

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-供应链

【Abstract】Blockchain technology has seen increasingly important practical applications. The literature has expanded greatly in the past four to five years. One area that has seen significant application and growth is in supply chain management-which includes transportation and logistics. The growth of this literature has also resulted in several literature reviews-each has specific scope and emphasis. Of the growing number of literature review and bibliometric analysis studies, the focus has ranged from understanding application cases, themes, trends, and methodologies. Theoretical developments and theorizing have been limited for supply chain management in general and even more limited for sustainable supply chains. Arguably, much of the current research has been relatively atheoretical-a lack of theory development and theory application. Hence, we conclude the existing blockchain research discourse has been centered around application and less around the theory. As a sub-discipline, the nexus of blockchain and supply chain management is still in the early developmental stages. Using a critical synthesis review of the literature, this paper fo-cuses on the most popular theories that have been applied to explain blockchain adoption and implementation within supply chains-how each theory explains the motivations, formalizes the organizational process around the acceptance of blockchain technology, and predicts the out-comes of blockchain-supported business models. Current theoretical gaps and potential future theorizing are discussed. Potential theories that have been used for other technologies (i.e., the internet of things) which have not been applied to the blockchain context are provided and discussed. The comprehensive and systematic theory review has important theoretical and managerial implications for both academia by advancing multiple academic disciplines and practice with insights into actual acceptance and usage of blockchain and other disruptive technologies.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchaintechnology; Supplychainmanagement; Sustainability; Theorybuilding; Literaturereview

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.1016/j.tre.2022.102824

【Author】 Horky, Florian Rachel, Carolina Fidrmuc, Jarko

【Source】FINANCE RESEARCH LETTERS

【影响因子】9.848

【主题类别】

区块链应用-虚拟经济-NFT

【Abstract】While the traditional art market stagnates, the digital art market is booming partially due to its connection with non-fungible tokens, which allow any unique goods to be mapped in a digital environment. Using unique individual data from the online art NFTs marketplace SuperRare, we combine econometric tools with recent machine learning approaches. This approach allows us to define explanatory variables out of the NFTs descriptions for our Hedonic pricing approach. Using these variables, we are able to show that our Hedonic pricing models exhibit relevant informational value for NFTs prices. Moreover, we show that NFTs cannot be viewed as a simple derivative of cryptocurrencies.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Digital art; Non-fungible tokens; Hedonic prices; Lasso regression

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1016/j.frl.2022.103007

【Author】 Ma, Chuan Li, Jun Shi, Long Ding, Ming Wang, Taotao Han, Zhu Poor, H. Vincent

【Source】IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE

【影响因子】9.809

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-联邦学习

【Abstract】Motivated by the increasingly powerful computing capabilities of end-user equipment, and by the growing privacy concerns over sharing sensitive raw data, a distributed machine learning paradigm known as federated learning (FL) has emerged. By training models locally at each client and aggregating learning models at a central server, FL has the capability to avoid sharing data directly, thereby reducing privacy leakage. However, the conventional FL framework relies heavily on a single central server, and it may fail if such a server behaves maliciously. To address this single point of failure, in this work, a blockchain-assisted decentralized FL framework is investigated, which can prevent malicious clients from poisoning the learning process, and thus provides a self-motivated and reliable learning environment for clients. In this framework, the model aggregation process is fully decentralized and the tasks of training for FL and mining for blockchain are integrated into each participant. Privacy and resource-allocation issues are further investigated in the proposed framework, and a critical and unique issue inherent in the proposed framework is disclosed. In particular, a lazy client can simply duplicate models shared by other clients to reap benefits without contributing its resources to FL. To address these issues, analytical and experimental results are provided to shed light on possible solutions, i.e., adding noise to achieve local differential privacy and using pseudo-noise (PN) sequences as watermarks to detect lazy clients.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/MCI.2022.3180932

【Author】 Mohanty, Susil Kumar Tripathy, Somanath

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CCF-B

【影响因子】9.551

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-交通领域

【Abstract】Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV) is an emerging technology in the smart city environment, enabling smart vehicles to form social groups and exchange data among themselves. SIoV facilitates many applications aiming to improve driving safety and traffic monitoring by sharing data among vehicles. It ensures a safe and comfortable drive. However, privacy, data confidentiality, and data integrity are the major challenges during multi-hop data transfer that must be addressed for the wide adoption of SIoV. The existing solutions do not provide anonymity and consume more network resources. To address these issues, we propose SIoVChain, a time-lock contract-based privacy-preserving data sharing scheme with incentives for SIoV. It does not only enable data sharing between vehicles anonymously but incentivizes them also. In addition, the proposed framework imposes a penalty anonymously if a malicious vehicle disseminates false information. SIoVChain is shown to be secure against stealing processing fee attack while preserving sender-receiver privacy and path privacy. Universal Composability (UC) framework is used to verify user privacy. The feasibility and efficiency of the scheme are also demonstrated.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; Automobiles; Data privacy; Security; Lightning; Privacy; Internet of Vehicles; Privacy; anonymity; data sharing; Social Internet of Vehicles (SIoV); lightning network; blockchain

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1109/TITS.2022.3192566

【Author】 Gai, Keke Tang, Haokun Li, Guangshun Xie, Tianxiu Wang, Shuo Zhu, Liehuang Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS CCF-B

【影响因子】9.551

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-物流领域

【Abstract】Data-driven applications play an important role in modern-time maritime transportation systems, for instance in facilitating decision-making relating to communication and safety. One example application is position data sharing between vessels within the maritime Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled context. When designing such applications, we need to also consider how to ensure data accuracy as well as privacy in a large scale deployment. In this paper, we demonstrate the potential of using blockchain to facilitate privacy-preserving data sharing. Specifically, we develop a zero-knowledge proof-based scheme to protect vessel identities while allowing data sharing, and a commitment-based approach to ensure relationship-related privacy in data trading between participants. Our security and performance evaluations demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; Smart contracts; Sensors; Transportation; Global navigation satellite system; Sensor systems; Privacy; Blockchain; privacy-preserving; positioning error data sharing; Internet of Things; maritime transportation system

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1109/TITS.2022.3190487

【Author】 Marijan, Dusica Lal, Chhagan

【Source】COMPUTER SCIENCE REVIEW

【影响因子】8.757

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-核心技术集

【Abstract】As blockchain technology is gaining popularity in industry and society, solutions for Verification and Validation (V&V) of blockchain-based software applications (BC-Apps) have started gaining equal attention. To ensure that BC-Apps are properly developed before deployment, it is paramount to apply systematic V&V to verify their functional and non-functional requirements. While existing research aims at addressing the challenges of engineering BC-Apps by providing testing techniques and tools, blockchain-based software development is still an emerging research discipline, and therefore, best practices and tools for the V&V of BC-Apps are not yet sufficiently developed. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey on V&V solutions for BC-Apps. Specifically, using a layered approach, we synthesize V&V tools and techniques addressing different components at various layers of the BC-App stack, as well as across the whole stack. Next, we provide a discussion on the challenges associated with BC-App V&V, and summarize a set of future research directions based on the challenges and gaps identified in existing research work. Our study aims to highlight the importance of BC-App V&V and pave the way for a disciplined, testable, and verifiable BC development. (c) 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Smart contracts; P2P; Consensus; Ledger; Testing; Verification; Validation; Simulation; Benchmarking; Software testing; Security testing; Performance testing; System under test; Formal verification; Platform testing

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.1016/j.cosrev.2022.100492

【Author】 Chen, Yineng Li, Ming Zhu, Xinghui Fang, Kui Ren, Qingshan Guo, Ting Chen, Xiaoxuan Li, Cheng Zou, Zhuoyang Deng, Yuechao

【Source】INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT

【影响因子】7.466

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Consortium chain can better combine blockchain technology with market business, so it is adopted by all walks of life and develops at a large scale. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) is more suitable for consortium chain, which are partially decentralized, resistant to Byzantine nodes and strong consistency. However, the limited network scale that PBFT can support is not conducive to the large-scale development of consortium chain. Based on the analysis of the working principle and consensus mechanism of PBFT, this study proposed an al-gorithm to improve PBFT: feature grouping and credit optimization Byzantine Fault Tolerance (FCBFT). In this algorithm, a feature grouping model is proposed to optimize the node structure of large-scale consortium chain, which divides large-scale network nodes into different institutions to form independent consensus groups by feature grouping. On this basis, a reputation score reward mechanism is proposed to improve the consensus efficiency of large-scale consortium chains. It introduces a reputation score calculation formula to select high-reputation primary nodes. At the same time, a replacement cycle is established to replace high-reputation nodes with low-reputation nodes, so as to optimize the consensus efficiency of the consortium chain. The experimental results show that FCBFT has shorter delay and higher throughput (TPS) than PBFT, which becomes more obvious as the number of nodes increases. After the number of nodes ex-ceeds the threshold, the TPS of PBFT drops rapidly, while FCBFT can maintain high efficiency and stability. FCBFT's block generation speed is higher than PBFT, and its relative growth rate has steadily increased.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】PBFT; Consortium chain; Consensus algorithm; Feature grouping; Credit

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1016/j.ipm.2022.102884

【Author】 Zhou, Zhixiang Ma, Yuanfei Pan, Yinghao Zhu, Yangguang

【Source】COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

【影响因子】7.180

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-文化领域

【Abstract】Information technologies, such as blockchain, have promoted the development of decentralized decision-making in complex systems and generated many decentralized autonomous organizations. We construct a set of decentralized Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models based on the basic decentralized decision mode of "voting majority", and we consider the assumptions that DMUs have no prior information about other DMUs' decisions, and that they do. Then, the process of decision-making for each decision making unit (DMU) can be viewed as a social behavior over multiple time periods. Using a numerical example, we demonstrate that the new DEA models can provide acceptable efficiency results with specific weights for each DMU and can describe the details of the consensus relationship among DMUs. Similar to the market mechanism in reality, the efficiency scores of DMUs within an alliance containing more than half of the participants are overestimated, at the expense of nonallied DMUs. The models in this paper provide a possible path for efficiency measurement based on decentralized decision-making principles in complex systems.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Data envelopment analysis; Decentralized decision-making; Decentralized DEA; Voting majority

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1016/j.cie.2022.108318

【Author】 Xue, Lide Yang, Wei Chen, Weilin Huang, Liusheng

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COGNITIVE COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

【影响因子】6.359

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】The ever-developing 5G and Internet of Things (IoT) technology has recently drawn increased attention to the use and management of underutilized spectrum. Blockchain is a good potential solution, however, the Nakamoto consensus-based scheme has a low spectrum utilization rate, high transaction delay, and a huge waste of energy. In this paper, we present a novel decentralized distributed spectrum trading protocol STBC (Spectrum Trading Blockchain) base on blockchain, which explicitly aims for efficiency, simplicity, safety, and energy-saving. STBC uses a new consensus mechanism to quickly confirm transactions while tolerating up to n/3 malicious nodes (n is the total number of nodes), and its implementation code is very concise. We adopt the similar idea of sharding to improve the efficiency and scalability of the system. Due to the specificality of spectrum trading, it is necessary to protect the privacy of trading nodes. Therefore we propose a temporarily anonymous transaction that can effectively prevent DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack. Moreover, theoretical analysis shows that STBC is also secure against mainstream attacks such as double-spending attacks and the power consumption of STBC is significantly less than the Nakamoto consensus-based scheme. The prototype evaluation of our protocol demonstrates that it improves the spectrum utilization by about 30% compared with the state-of-the-art blockchain spectrum trading schemes, and meanwhile reducing the transaction confirmation delay by about 12.5x.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; distributed consensus algorithm; spectrum trading; spectrum management

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1109/TCCN.2021.3086490

【Author】 Lee, Soojin Seo, Seung-Hyun

【Source】IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY

【影响因子】6.239

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Vehicles on the road, where an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is built, can share a lot of traffic information and drive more safely and efficiently through data sharing. Since incorrect information misleads vehicles and causes confusion in traffic, a vehicular trust model is needed to check the message's trustworthiness while considering the vehicle's properties and protecting its privacy. In this paper, we proposed a two layered blockchain-based reputation system, which consists of a local one-day message blockchain and a global vehicle reputation blockchain. It can administrate the reputation score securely and preserve the vehicle's partial privacy. The proposed model efficiently manages local traffic information through the local one-day blockchain, reducing the memory overhead of vehicles. As the vehicle's actual identity and activities in other areas are hidden by using one-time public keys, partial privacy of the vehicle is preserved. According to the activity of the vehicle, the vehicle's reputation score is updated and stored permanently in the global reputation blockchain. We also suggested the location-based practical byzantine fault tolerance (LPBFT), a new consensus algorithm for fast block generating. The LPBFT lowers message propagation time through location-based primary node selection and is about 1.4 times faster than existing PBFT. The simulation results show the efficiency and the feasibility of LPBFT and our proposed protocol.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchains; Privacy; Consensus algorithm; Computational modeling; Trust management; Public key; Accidents; Blockchain; security; vehicular reputation management

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1109/TVT.2021.3131388

【Author】 Feulner, Simon Sedlmeir, Johannes Schlatt, Vincent Urbach, Nils

【Source】ELECTRONIC MARKETS

【影响因子】6.017

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-其他

【Abstract】Ticket fraud and ticket scalping activities often cause high costs as well as trust concerns for fans buying event tickets, especially in the secondary ticketing market. To address these issues, several publications and projects have proposed using blockchain technology to enable digital trust and ticket verifiability and thus to improve event ticketing systems. However, these approaches exhibit considerable privacy challenges and fall short concerning reliable, efficient visitor identification, which is necessary for controlling secondary market transactions. We demonstrate how a novel paradigm for end-user digital identity management, called self-sovereign identity (SSI), can be utilized to gain secondary market control. To do so, we follow a rigorous design science research approach to build and evaluate an SSI-based event ticketing framework. Our findings demonstrate that SSI-based event ticketing can enable efficient secondary market control by facilitating a practical implementation of the centralized exchange model. To generalize our results, we derive design principles for the efficient, reliable, and privacy-oriented ticket and identity verification and the use of revocation registries.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Bot prevention; Digital identity management; Digital wallet; Secondary market control; Ticket scalping; Verifiable credentials

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1007/s12525-022-00573-9

【Author】 Williams, Phillip Dutta, Indira Kaylan Daoud, Hisham Bayoumi, Magdy

【Source】INTERNET OF THINGS

【影响因子】5.711

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-物联网

【Abstract】Internet of Things (IoT) have opened the door to a world of unlimited possibilities for implementations in varied sectors in society, but it also has many challenges. One of those challenges is security and privacy. IoT devices are more susceptible to security threats and attacks. Due to constraints of the IoT devices such as area, power, memory, etc., there is a lack of security solutions that are compatible with IoT devices and applications, which is leading this world of securely connected things to the "internet of insecure things." A promising solution to this problem is going beyond the standard or classical techniques to implementing the security solutions in the hardware of the IoT device. The integration of emerging technologies in IoT networks, such as machine learning, blockchain, fog/edge/cloud computing, and quantum computing have added more vulnerable points in the network. This paper introduces a comprehensive study on IoT security threats and solutions. Additionally, this survey outlines how emerging technologies such as machine learning and blockchain are integrated in IoT, challenges resulted from this integration, and potential solutions to these challenges. The paper utilizes the 4-layer IoT architecture as a reference to identify security issues with corresponding solutions.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】IoT; Security; Machine learning; Blockchain; Threats; Security solutions

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.1016/j.iot.2022.100564

【Author】 Rejeb, Abderahman Rejeb, Karim Simske, Steve Treiblmaier, Horst Zailani, Suhaiza

【Source】INTERNET OF THINGS

【影响因子】5.711

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-物联网

【Abstract】This study examines how the application of the IoT in smart cities is discussed in the current academic literature. Based on bibliometric techniques, 1,802 articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed to identify the temporal nature of IoT research, the most relevant journals, authors, countries, keywords, and studies. The software tool VOSviewer was used to build the keyword co-occurrence network and to cluster the pertinent literature. Results show the significant growth of IoT research in recent years. The most productive authors, journals, and countries were also identified. The main findings from the keyword co-occurrence clustering and an in-depth qualitative analysis indicate that the IoT is used alongside other technologies including cloud computing, big data analytics, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and wireless telecommunication networks. The major applications of the IoT for smart cities include smart buildings, transportation, healthcare, smart parking, and smart grids. This review is one of the first attempts to map global IoT research in a smart city context and uses a comprehensive set of articles and bibliometric techniques to provide scholars and practitioners with an overview of what has been studied so far and to identify research gaps at the intersection of the IoT and the smart city.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Internet of things; Smart city; Review; Bibliometrics

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 综述

【DOI】 10.1016/j.iot.2022.100565

【Author】 Guarino, Alfonso Grilli, Luca Santoro, Domenico Messina, Francesco Zaccagnino, Rocco

【Source】NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS CCF-C

【影响因子】5.102

【主题类别】

区块链治理-市场治理-市场分析

【Abstract】Financial bubbles represent a severe problem for investors. In particular, the cryptocurrency market has witnessed the bursting of different bubbles in the last decade, which in turn have had spillovers on all the markets and real economies of countries. These kinds of markets and their unique characteristics are of great interest to researchers. Generally, investors and financial operators study market trends to understand when bubbles might occur using technical analysis tools. Such tools, which have been historically used, resulted in being precious allies at the basis of more advanced systems. In this regard, different autonomous, adaptive and automated trading agents have been introduced in the literature to study several kinds of markets. Among these, we can distinguish between agents with Zero/Minimal Intelligence (ZI/MI) and Computational Intelligence (CI)-based agents. The first ones typically trade on the market without resorting to complex learning strategies; the second ones usually use (deep) reinforcement learning mechanisms. However, these trading agents have never been tested on the cryptocurrencies market and related financial bubbles, which are still mostly overlooked in the literature. It is unclear how these agents can make profits/losses before, during, and after a bubble to adjust their strategy and avoid critical situations. This paper compares a broad set of trading agents (between ZI/MI and CI ones) and evaluates them with well-known financial indicators (e.g., volatility, returns Sharpe ratio, drawdown, Sortino and Omega ratio). Among the experiment's outcomes, ZI/MI agents were more explainable than CI ones. Based on the results obtained above, we introduce GGSMZ, a trading agent relying on a neuro-fuzzy mechanism. The neuro-fuzzy system is able to learn from the trades performed by the agents adopted in the previous stage. GGSMZ's performances overcome those of other tested agents. We argue that GGSMZ could be used by investors as a decision support tool.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Zero-intelligence trader; Reinforcement learning trader; Cryptocurrency; Financial bubbles

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1007/s00521-022-07543-4

【Author】 Mansour, Romany F.

【Source】SCIENTIFIC REPORTS

【影响因子】4.996

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-机器学习

【Abstract】Cyber physical system (CPS) is a network of cyber and physical elements, which interact with one another in a feedback form. CPS approves critical infrastructure and is treated as essential in day to day since it forms the basis of futuristic smart devices. An increased usage of CPSs poses security as a challenging issue and intrusion detection systems (IDS) can be applied for the identification of network intrusions. The latest advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) enables to design effective IDS models for the CPS environment. At the same time, metaheuristic algorithms can be employed as a feature selection approach in order to reduce the curse of dimensionality. With this motivation, this study develops a novel Poor and Rich Optimization with Deep Learning Model for Blockchain Enabled Intrusion Detection in CPS Environment, called PRO-DLBIDCPS technique. The proposed PRO-DLBIDCPS technique initially introduces an Adaptive Harmony Search Algorithm (AHSA) based feature selection technique for proper selection of feature subsets. For intrusion detection and classification, and attention based bi-directional gated recurrent neural network (ABi-GRNN) model is applied. In addition, the detection efficiency of the ABi-GRNN technique has been enhanced by the use of Poor and rich optimization (PRO) algorithm based hyperparameter optimizer, which resulted in enhanced intrusion detection results. Furthermore, blockchain technology is applied for enhancing security in the CPS environment. In order to demonstrate the enhanced outcomes of the PRO-DLBIDCPS technique, a wide range of simulations was carried out on benchmark dataset and the results reported the better outcomes of the PRO-DLBIDCPS technique in terms of several measures.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1038/s41598-022-17043-z

【Author】 Dou, Hanyue Yin, Lingyuan Lu, Yuan Xu, Jing

【Source】JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SECURITY AND APPLICATIONS

【影响因子】4.960

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-共识机制

【Abstract】Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol is one of the most promising blockchain consensus protocols in the permissionless setting. However, there is a general problem of slow confirmation in PoS protocol. To address the issue, a small -sized committee in PoS protocol is used to reduce the costs in terms of communication and computation, and accelerate confirmation. Following this idea, a committee-based PoS protocol called LaKSA (NDSS'2021) is proposed recently.In this paper, we present a balance attack on LaKSA, and show LaKSA cannot satisfy the liveness property even in the synchronous network. To ensure security and improve efficiency, we propose a self-healing probabilistic PoS protocol with a small-sized committee and a fast confirmation. Specifically, we propose a three-phase broadcast finality gadget and two compatible confirmation rules. The participants can invoke the three-phase broadcast periodically and commit a block according to different confirmation rules. By our approaches, on the one hand, we can prevent the PoS protocol from the balance attack and keep it committing new blocks over time. On the other hand, it empowers the protocol an ability of self-healing, by which nodes can commit a block as quickly as possible instead of waiting for a long time. Furthermore, we prove that our protocol can achieve the security properties of probabilistic safety and liveness. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of the self-healing protocol. The experimental results show that, compared with LaKSA protocol, our protocol improves the commit rate by about 30% with a high throughput under a poor network condition.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Consensus; Proof-of-Stake

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103268

【Author】 Wen, Xiao-Jun Chen, Yong-Zhi Fan, Xin-Can Zhang, Wei Yi, Zheng-Zhong Fang, Jun-Bin

【Source】OPTICS AND LASER TECHNOLOGY

【影响因子】4.939

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Referring to the consensus mechanisms of traditional blockchain, a new consensus mechanism of quantum blockchain is designed based on the randomness and the irreversibility of quantum measurement and quantum zero-knowledge proof. This new consensus mechanism does not involve a great deal of computing resources and hence has fewer energy consumption, shorter time delay and higher throughput. Furthermore, the new consensus mechanism could withstand 51% attack.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Consensus mechanism; Quantum zero-knowledge proof; Quantum measurement

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1016/j.optlastec.2021.107693

【Author】 Wang, Jiatong Zhang, Jiangfeng Li, Li Lin, Yunfeng

【Source】IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL

【影响因子】4.802

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-能源领域

【Abstract】The popularization of solar generation enables residential households to supply their loads and trade the surplus energy through residential peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading market. Facing the increasing complexity of the market structure and decision-making strategies, this article proposes a P2P energy trading model for residential households, and the objective is to help the centralized market coordinator optimize the benefit of participants under such a P2P market. To this end, a new mathematical model, including the rules for buying and selling energy, is presented. In this model, a supply function bidding mechanism is formulated to match the power supply imbalance and calculate the market-clearing price. An optimization problem is formulated to identify the optimal strategies for energy buying and selling, which consists of two parts: the first part is to maximize the social welfare; the second part is to minimize the unfair benefit distribution that participants can gain through P2P energy trading. The case study based on the real data for four different household categories has revealed that households can achieve 26.38% net cost reduction, and the proposed fair benefit distribution function also can fairly allocate the benefit by enforcing households' benefit variance indexes at a low level.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Costs; Optimization; Companies; Batteries; Statistics; Sociology; Peer-to-peer computing; Battery energy storage system; peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading; residential; smart grid; supply function bidding

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1109/JSYST.2022.3190976

【Author】 Wang, Dewen Wang, Zhao Lian, Xin

【Source】SENSORS

【影响因子】3.847

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Virtual power plant (VPP) composed of a large number of distributed energy resources (DERs) has become a regional multienergy aggregation model to realize the large-scale integration of renewable energy generation into the grid. Due to the characteristics of centralized management, the existing energy operation mode is difficult to simply apply to distributed energy resources transactions. The decentralization, transparency, contract execution automation and traceability of blockchain technology provide a new solution to the aggregation of decentralized resources and the opacity of transactions in VPP. In this paper, the existing problems of virtual power plants are analyzed, and the virtual power plant trading model is designed, which realizes the transparent benefit distribution and message transmission of virtual power plants. The virtual power plant blockchain network based on blockchain technology in this model solves the DERs coordination problem in VPP and the security and efficiency problems in information transmission. Combined with the actual situation of virtual power plant, the blockchain network collaboration mechanism (BNCM), which is convenient to reach agreement, is designed. Compared with the traditional practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm, this mechanism can make DERs reach a consensus quickly. Finally, simulation experiments on the consensus algorithm show that the algorithm can reduce the collaboration time between DERs under the premise of ensuring the same fault tolerance rate and is more suitable for VPP scenarios with a large number of DERs.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】virtual power plant; distributed energy; blockchain; consensus algorithm

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.3390/s22051783

【Author】 Yang, Li Zou, Yifei Xu, Minghui Xu, Yicheng Yu, Dongxiao Cheng, Xiuzhen

【Source】TSINGHUA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

【影响因子】3.515

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】In recent years, due to the wide implementation of mobile agents, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks have been applied in several real-life scenarios, servicing applications in the areas of public safety, proximity-based services, and fog computing. Meanwhile, when more complex tasks are processed in IoT networks, demands on identity authentication, certifiable traceability, and privacy protection for services in IoT networks increase. Building a blockchain system in IoT networks can greatly satisfy such demands. However, the blockchain building in IoT brings about new challenges compared with that in the traditional full-blown Internet with reliable transmissions, especially in terms of achieving consensus on each block in complex wireless environments, which directly motivates our work. In this study, we fully considered the challenges of achieving a consensus in a blockchain system in IoT networks, including the negative impacts caused by contention and interference in wireless channel, and the lack of reliable transmissions and prior network organizations. By proposing a distributed consensus algorithm for blockchains on multi-hop IoT networks, we showed that it is possible to directly reach a consensus for blockchains in IoT networks, without relying on any additional network layers or protocols to provide reliable and ordered communications. In our theoretical analysis, we showed that our consensus algorithm is asymptotically optimal on time complexity and is energy saving. The extensive simulation results also validate our conclusions in the theoretical analysis.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Wireless networks; Simulation; Buildings; Spread spectrum communication; Interference; Consensus algorithm; Blockchains; distributed algorithm; consensus in blockchain; Internet-of-Things (IoT); SINR model

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.26599/TST.2021.9010065

【Author】 Fan, Kai Shi, Zeyu Su, Ruidan Bai, Yuhan Huang, Pei Zhang, Kuan Li, Hui Yang, Yintang

【Source】PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING AND APPLICATIONS CCF-C

【影响因子】3.488

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】With the rapid development of IoT, to manage the explosive growth of devices, time synchronization in IoT systems has become crucial. A traditional solution is to designate a trusted time relay to provide time synchronization service for IoT. However, due to internal errors or external attacks, time synchronization services in IoT are facing the single point of failure, leading to severe consequences such as downtime of IoT devices across domains. Some centralized time synchronization methods, such as NTP and PTP, rely on the correctness of the time server (master clock), which is vulnerable due to crashes, power failure or external attacks. Most distributed schemes are oriented towards crash fault-tolerant, but the reality of Byzantine nodes prevents these schemes from working as expected. In this paper, we propose a distributed and verifiable time synchronization scheme based on NTP, trust management and blockchain. we employ the public and verifiable blockchain to identify incorrect time synchronization. As the processes of synchronization are viewed as transactions within our blockchain, we design a consensus mechanism to resist Byzantine nodes based on trust management. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has achieved our expected efficiency and security goals.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; Internet of things; Time synchronization; Trust management

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1007/s12083-021-01276-2

【Author】 Anaza, Nwamaka A. Bennett, Delancy H. S. Andonova, Yana Anaza, Emeka

【Source】MARKETING LETTERS

【影响因子】3.426

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-医疗领域

【Abstract】While cash will eventually become a thing of the past, marketing researchers have given little attention to the rise of cashless markets and the obstacles and opportunities they present. In fact, research that addresses the strategic approach to planning, coordinating, and executing the cashless adoption and experience for consumers is scant. To stimulate discussion and scholarly investigations into marketing's contribution toward the evolution of cashless economies, this Idea Corner presents a research agenda that delineates the role of DPS 2.0, a new era of digital payment systems, in fueling the demonetization process. We offer that, compared to traditional payment systems (DPS 1.0), DPS 2.0 provides consumers and merchants cashless, virtual, automated, flexible, faster, and interoperable (The ability of DPS 2.0 systems to be compatible and operable across providers, software, and payment portals) means of payment. However, the promise of DPS 2.0 is clouded with concerns of opportunism, security, and fraud. This paper outlines these issues and provides corresponding future research opportunities within five areas of DPS 2.0 (digital wallets, cryptocurrency, virtual currency, facial recognition, and mobile payments).

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Cashless; Digital payment systems; DPS 2.0

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1007/s11002-022-09641-8

【Author】 Hai, Tao Zhou, Jincheng Srividhya, S. R. Jain, Sanjiv Kumar Young, Praise Agrawal, Shweta

【Source】JOURNAL OF CLOUD COMPUTING-ADVANCES SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

【影响因子】3.418

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-物联网

【Abstract】Blockchain is the latest boon in the world which handles mainly banking and finance. The blockchain is also used in the healthcare management system for effective maintenance of electronic health and medical records. The technology ensures security, privacy, and immutability. Federated Learning is a revolutionary learning technique in deep learning, which supports learning from the distributed environment. This work proposes a framework by integrating the blockchain and Federated Deep Learning in order to provide a tailored recommendation system. The work focuses on two modules of blockchain-based storage for electronic health records, where the blockchain uses a Hyperledger fabric and is capable of continuously monitoring and tracking the updates in the Electronic Health Records in the cloud server. In the second module, LightGBM and N-Gram models are used in the collaborative learning module to recommend a tailored treatment for the patient's cloud-based database after analyzing the EHR. The work shows good accuracy. Several metrics like precision, recall, and F1 scores are measured showing its effective utilization in the cloud database security.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Collaborative learning; Federated learning; Recommendation system; Blockchain; Cloud security; EHR

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1186/s13677-022-00294-6

【Author】 Shobana, M. Shanmuganathan, C. Challa, Nagendra Panini Ramya, S.

【Source】TRANSACTIONS ON EMERGING TELECOMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES

【影响因子】3.310

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-医疗领域

【Abstract】The Internet-of-Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of things to the physical network that is embedded with software, sensors, and other devices to exchange information from one device to the other. The interconnection of devices means there is the possibility of challenges like security, trustworthiness, reliability, confidentiality, and so on. To address those issues, we have proposed a novel GTBSS-HDNN approach which hybridization of Group theory (GT), Binary Spring search (BSS) algorithm, and Hybrid deep neural network (HDNN). The proposed GTBSS-HDNN approach effectively detects the intrusion in the IoT nodes. Initially, the privacy-preserving technology was implemented using a Blockchain-based methodology. Our proposed privacy-preserving methods are divided into two parts. The first stage utilizes blockchain and the second stage involves Modified Independent Component Algorithm (MICA) to prevent intrusion attacks. The authentication of data is performed by blockchain-based Enhanced Proof of Work (EPoW) and achieves better authentication. Furthermore, the experimental study is carried out using the ToN-IoT dataset, which is used to evaluate the performance of our proposed work. To analyze the performance we have taken the performance metrics such as F1-measure, Detection Rate, Precision, and Accuracy. The performance analyzes depict that the proposed method effectively preserves the accuracy and thereby avert the intrusion attacks. The proposed model achieved 95.3% accuracy, 96.54% precision, 95.23% recall, and 95.67% F-score values on the ToN-IoT dataset and 96.23% accuracy, 95.94% precision, 97.03% recall, and 96.70% F-score results on the BoT-IoT dataset.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1002/ett.4609

【Author】 Sigley, Gary Powell, Warwick

【Source】JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY ASIA

【影响因子】1.882

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-政务领域

【Abstract】In 2019 President Xi Jinping called for the prioritisation of blockchain technology as part of China's next phase of development. In China, blockchain technologies have been experimentally deployed in various areas including court records, securities exchanges, finance, and food supply chains. The emergence of blockchain as a governmental technology raises numerous questions, including: (i) what are the conditions of emergence and existence of China's interest in blockchain technology? (ii) what are the features of "blockchains with Chinese characteristics"? (iii) what implications are there for the post-COVID-19 pandemic world, in which technological issues are likely to be pivotal points of contention? This article seeks to examine these questions and frame a research programme that can shed light on how blockchains may impact the evolution and shape of China's social and economic structure and the interaction of China with the rest of the world, including the prospect of "decoupling" and "deglobalisation." Examples of blockchain innovation are drawn from food and pharmaceutical supply chains, the Healthy China 2030 policy, the digital RMB/Yuan and the Belt and Road Initiative with attention to the emerging legal and institutional frames that support the application of blockchain technologies.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Belt and Road Initiative; bio-politics; blockchain; China; digital Yuan; RMB; supply chains

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 观点阐述

【DOI】 10.1080/00472336.2022.2093774

【Author】 Dhiman, Gaurav Rashid, Junaid Kim, Jungeun Juneja, Sapna Viriyasitavat, Wattana Gulati, Kamal

【Source】IETE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH

【影响因子】1.877

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】The Healthcare Byzantine consensus method (HBFT) has poor scalability, arbitrary master node selection, and high network overhead in the healthcare scenario. This research constructs and proposes an optimized Byzantine consensus algorithm for the alliance chain. First, create roles for nodes in the cluster, provide them additional permissions based on their responsibilities, and build a dynamic network access method for nodes with various permissions. Second, reputation-based voting and FTS are meant for production node selection. The tree-combined voting algorithm assures election security and fairness. Finally, the HBFT consensus mechanism is optimized, reducing network overhead. The suggested POC consensus algorithm has high features dynamics, election security, and minimal overhead when compared to the HBFT algorithm.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Health care; bitcoin; blockchain; Byzantine consensus; Fault tolerance

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1080/03772063.2022.2038288

【Author】 Hu, Jianwen Chen, Yuling Ren, Xiaojun Yang, Yixian Qian, Xiaobin Yu, Xiaomei

【Source】MOBILE INFORMATION SYSTEMS

【影响因子】1.863

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】As the technical support of the industrial Internet of Things, blockchain technology has been widely used in energy trading, data transactions, and Internet of Vehicles. However, most of the existing energy trading models only address the transaction security and transaction privacy issues that arise in the energy trading process, ignoring the fairness of resource allocation and transaction equity in the trading process. In order to tackle those problems, an energy trading scheme called HO-TRAD is proposed in this paper to improve the efficiency of model trading while ensuring the fairness of energy trading. We propose a new trading strategy in the HO-TRAD energy trading scheme that guarantees fairness in the allocation of trading resources by introducing an entity's active reputation value. Use smart contracts to achieve transparency and ensure fairness in the transaction process. Based on the identity verification foundation of the consortium chain, the scheme enhances the existing PBFT consensus algorithm and improves the efficiency of model transactions. The experimental simulation indicates that the scheme requires less transaction time and has higher transaction fairness and security.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】2021

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.1155/2021/7397926

【Author】 Deshmukh, Varun Pathak, Sunil Bothe, Santosh

【Source】CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE

【影响因子】1.831

【主题类别】

区块链技术-协同技术-边缘计算

【Abstract】Centralized healthcare Internet of Things (HIoT)-based ecosystems are challenged by high latency, single-point failures, and privacy-based attacks due to data exchange over open channels. To address the challenges, the shift has progressed toward decentralized HIoT setups that infuse computation closer to a patient node via edge services. As HIoT data are critical and sensitive, trust among stakeholders is a prime concern. To address the challenges, researchers integrated blockchain (BCH) into edge-based HIoT models. However, the integration of lightweight BCH is required with an edge for proper interplay and leverage effective, scalable, and energy-efficient computational processes for constrained HIoT applications. Owing to the existing gap, this article proposes a scheme MobEdge, that fuses lightweight BCH, and edge computing to secure HIoT. A local BCH client model is set up that forwards data to edge sensor gateways. The shared data are secured through an access tree control lock scheme that preserves the privacy of health records. For security and signing purposes, we have considered signcryption, and the validated records meta-information are stored in an on-chain structure. The scheme is compared on two grounds, security and simulation grounds. On the security front, we do cost evaluation and present a formal analysis model using the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications tool. An edge-based BCH setup use-case is presented, and parameters like mining cost, storage cost, edge servicing latency, energy consumption, BCH network usage, and transaction signing costs are considered. In the simulation, the mining cost is 0.6675 USD, and improvement of storage costs are improved by 18.34%, edge-servicing latency is 384 ms, and signcryption improves the signing cost by 36.78% against similar schemes, that indicates the scheme viability in HIoT setups.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】edge computing; healthcare IoT; mobile blockchain; privacy-preserving; signcryption

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1002/cpe.7210

【Author】 Duraisamy, Abitha Kumari Ramaraj, Raja Guru Manoharan, Mathankumar Alagarsamy, Manjunathan

【Source】CONCURRENCY AND COMPUTATION-PRACTICE & EXPERIENCE

【影响因子】1.831

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-通信领域

【Abstract】Rapid advancement in industrial applications of Internet of Things (IoT) has dramatically increased the number of Internet connected devices resulting in big challenges of scalability, adaptability, connectivity, and accessibility. Cognitive radio is efficient in handling spectrum allocation problem by facilitating the allocation of unlicensed spectrum dynamically to the IoT applications. However, cognitive radio network (CRN) capability of spectrum sensing is highly vulnerable to diversified number of security attacks. Malicious user disturbs the spectrum sensing potential and minimizes its accuracy by launching attacks during the detection of primary signal. In this article, certificateless linkable ring signature-based blockchains (CLRSB) is proposed for securing CRNs by achieving reliable discrimination between trustworthy users through cryptographic keys. It initially transformed the complete set of users such as PUs and SUs into the structure of blocks representing the smart contracts-based traditional public ledger blockchain that gets integrated to form a decentralized network for attaining improvement in efficient spectrum sensing. It adopted a mayfly optimization algorithm (MFOA)-improved CNN (MFOA-ICNN)-based spectrum sensing method for preventing the interference between PUs and SUs during spectrum access. It also used MFOA for optimizing the features with balanced trade-off between exploration and exploitation to identify the remarkable features that attributes toward efficient spectrum sensing. It specifically used CLRS for protecting information about the transaction initiator for the objective of protecting blockchain privacy. Simulation experiments of this CLRSB confirmed better response time and minimized frame loss on an average by 18.13% and 17.81%, better than the baseline schemes used for investigation.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; certificateless linkable ring signature; cognitive radio networks; internet of things; malicious users; spectrum sensing

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.1002/cpe.7235

【Author】 Ma, Junhai Chen, Jiecai Liu, Yuxin

【Source】MANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS

【影响因子】1.379

【主题类别】

区块链应用-实体经济-供应链

【Abstract】Strict food regulations, high-quality product demand, and fierce market competition urge food enterprises to focus on the optimization strategy of product safety and traceability recall in the food chain. To better meet customers' safety and quality expectations and reduce the loss of problematic products that fail to be recalled in time, the paper establishes a two-level food supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and supplier, uses the Stackelberg game to explore the interaction between traceability recall and product safety optimization in the food chain, and finds the best food safety investment and product traceability recall strategy. And we consider the case of the former investing in the latter's product safety efforts. The results show that the food safety premium sharing rate determines the optimal decision of manufacturers and suppliers when each member is faced with the difference between the loss cost of unrecalled food per unit and the traceable recall cost coefficient. In addition, the higher safety investment cost factor increases the burden on the entire supply chain and reduces the safety benefits of the food chain. Moreover, higher security investment cost factors increase the burden on the entire supply chain and reduce the safety benefits of the food chain. Interestingly, suppliers can take advantage of the increased cost per unit of unrecalled products to obtain higher safety investments when manufacturers implement recall measures for problematic foods. We also introduced blockchain technology and discovered Pareto optima for food safety. When the supplier bears part of the problem of food loss, food safety, quality, and investment are high. The conclusions show that product traceability recall is beneficial to the overall welfare of the food chain.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】

【发表时间】

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 理论模型

【DOI】 10.1002/mde.3639

【Author】 Chen, Lu Zhang, Xin Sun, Zhixin

【Source】KSII TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

【影响因子】0.972

【主题类别】

区块链技术-核心技术-分布式存储

【Abstract】Blockchain is a distributed ledger that combines technologies such as cryptography, consensus mechanism, peer-to-peer transmission, and time stamping. The rapid development of blockchain has attracted attention from all walks of life, but storage scalability issues have hindered the application of blockchain. In this paper, a scalable blockchain storage model based on Distributed Hash Table (DHT) and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) was proposed. This paper introduces the current research status of the scalable blockchain storage model, as well as the basic principles of DHT and the InterPlanetary File System. The model construction and workflow are explained in detail. At the same time, the DHT network construction mechanism, block heat identification mechanism, new node initialization mechanism, and block data read and write mechanism in the model are described in detail. Experimental results show that this model can reduce the storage burden of nodes, and at the same time, the blockchain network can accommodate more local blocks under the same block height.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】blockchain; DHT; IPFS; storage optimization; storage scalability

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 实验仿真

【DOI】 10.3837/tiis.2022.07.009

【Author】 Aygun, Betul Arslan, Hilal

【Source】TURKISH JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCES

【影响因子】0.853

【主题类别】

--

【Abstract】Blockchain-based applications come up with cryptocurrencies, especially Bitcoin, introducing a distributed ledger technologies for peer-to-peer networks and essentially records the transactions in blocks containing hash value of the previous blocks. Block generation constitutes the basis of this technology, and the optimization of such systems is among the most crucial concerns. Determining either the block size or the number of transactions in the block brings out a remarkable problem that has been solved by the miners in recent years. First, higher block size results in higher transaction time, on the other hand, smaller block size has many disadvantages such as security, lower transaction fees, lower transaction numbers in a given time interval, which makes it unable to compete with other currency systems due to this bulky structure and higher block generation time. In this study, multiobjective optimization problem (OP) is proposed by minimizing block generation and transmission time. This multiobjective OP is transformed into a single OP by applying weighted sum method. To determine the optimal block size, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and whale optimization evolutionary algorithm (WOA) are employed. Although both algorithms have capability to reach optimum block size and corresponding time, WOA achieves better performance than PSO in terms of the convergence speed and output fluctuation. Moreover, analysis of the prediction of optimum block size is carried out under different weights which creates many optimization functions. Experimental results indicate that if higher weight is assigned to the transmission time, then block size decreases sharply. Furthermore, the experimental results reveal that design of the blockchain network and number of nodes in network profoundly affect the block size selection due to the time constraints.

你可以尝试使用大模型来生成摘要 立即生成

【Keywords】Blockchain; block size; whale optimization algorithms; particle swarm optimization

【发表时间】2022

【收录时间】2022-08-23

【文献类型】 期刊

【DOI】 10.3906/elk-2105-217